A Burmese migrant battles the odds to be his own boss

Than Wai Aung adjusts the nozzle on his hose to a fine spray, and walks slowly up and down a long row made up of hundreds of clear, plastic bags filled with wood. This is a daily ritual for the Burmese migrant, who left Yangon (also known as Rangoon) for Thailand nearly 20 years ago.

The moistened wood contains the spores of oyster mushrooms, and every two or three days Than is able to collect several kilos of fungi to sell, either to market traders or often directly to Burmese labourers working on nearby building sites.

"I never wanted to be someone else's employee," says the 45-year-old father of three. "Even when I was living back in Yangon, working for a pharmacy, I dreamed of being my own boss. And then when I came to Thailand, I knew I would never get rich by working for someone else."

Than Wai Aung, a Burmese migrant in Thailand, harvests his mushroom crop

Than's move to Thailand started in much the same way as other Burmese migrants.

"There was nothing for me back in Myanmar, no opportunities. And if you said something bad about the military, you got arrested. That's why I came here. I was always scared of them, 24 hours a day. You couldn't say anything. And it was hard to make a living."

Than Wai Aung says he is happy now that he runs his own business

He settled first near Ratchaburi, a town in western Thailand, not far from the border.

Trial and error

"It was really difficult," he says, laughing at the memory. "I could not speak Thai, and only a little English. Finding work was hard. I had to labour on building sites. And then, because I had no paperwork, I sometimes got arrested."

On the building sites Than earned between 200 and 300 baht (£3.80-£5.75; $6-$9) a day.

"We used to buy mushrooms to use in our cooking," he recalls, "and I thought, 'Why not grow them?' None of the other migrant workers were doing it, and I love being close to nature, so it seemed the right job for me."

At first, though, his business did not go well. There was no-one to teach him how to cultivate the mushrooms and he had to learn through trial and error. He let too much water get inside the bags of wood, so it rotted and the fungi would not grow.

Even when he did get a good crop, the price he could get in Ratchaburi, a poor provincial town, was very low. But he refused to give up. Instead, he decided to move to Bangkok.

As Thailand's economy has grown, and its per capita income has risen well into middle-income territory, it has drawn in millions of migrants from poorer neighbours such as Myanmar (also known as Burma), Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam.

Abuse

They do the badly paid, menial jobs that Thais no longer want to do - construction, domestic work, agriculture and fishing.

It is estimated that migrants make up around 10-15% of the workforce in Thailand, yet successive Thai governments have failed to provide them with proper legal status or protection.

Some industries have been accused of systematic abuses of their mainly Burmese workforce. The fishing industry, in particular, has been charged with horrific abuses, resulting this year in the United States relegating Thailand to the lowest rank in its annual report on human trafficking.

Thai and Burmese officials have also been accused of extorting large amounts of money from Burmese migrants in return for giving them documents they are entitled to.

As a result, success stories like Than Wai Aung's are very rare. But when you listen to him talking excitedly about his ambitions, you sense the drive and determination that have brought him this far.

Than Wai Aung makes between 500 and 1,000 baht (US$16-32) a day from selling mushrooms

He has built his own mushroom sheds out of palm thatch on narrow strips of land between fish ponds, in an unglamorous wasteland on the outskirts of the Thai capital.

The rent there is very low. On average he makes between 500 and 1,000 baht (£9.50-£19; $16-$32) a day.

He has also managed to get himself some business training from the UN's International Labour Organization (ILO), which runs a Community Based Enterprise Development (C-BED) course that encourages small-scale entrepreneurs like Than to share their experiences.

"Before that I didn't know much about business," he says. "When I earned money, I would just spend it. The training taught me how to use my money, how to calculate the cost of my mushroom shed, how to keep records of how many kilos I sold. I am managing my money now."

Some days Than can sell 40-50kg of mushrooms

He moves back down his rows of wood, carefully pulling out the fully grown mushrooms, and cleaning out where they had been rooted with a spoon. He clips the base of the stalks, weighs them, and then mounts his motorbike for a delivery to a nearby housing estate, which is under construction. As anywhere else in Thailand, the workers - his customers - are also Burmese.

"I want to be rich - rich enough to buy a car. To do that you have to be bold - you cannot be afraid of going broke," says Than.

"Right now I can sell everything I grow. I have all the equipment I need. It's only land that is the problem - I need to find more land, that's what I'm thinking now."

Than is also selling the wood packages to people who, like him, want to try their hand at growing mushrooms. He can make even more money that way - and is not worried about encouraging competition.

"I like working hard for my business," he laughs. "I know most of the others won't work like me."