Japan adopts negative interest rate in surprise move

In a surprise move, the Bank of Japan has introduced a negative interest rate.

The benchmark rate of -0.1% means that commercial banks will be charged by the central bank for some deposits.

It is designed to encourage them to use their reserves to lend to businesses in an attempt to counter Japan's economic stagnation.

The charge does not directly apply to ordinary customers' accounts.

The country is desperate to increase spending and investment.

Desperate

One of the side effects of a moribund economy is falling prices - something that can send an economy into a downward spiral as customers hold off spending in the hope prices will fall yet lower.

Is deflation such a bad thing?

What are negative interest rates?

Why use negative interest rates?

Japan has been desperate to boost consumer spending for years. At one point it even issued shopping vouchers to stimulate demand.

The eurozone has negative interest rates, but this is a first for the third-largest economy.

It is a move that has been on the cards for Japan's stagnating economy for well over 10 years.

The decision to go negative came after a narrow 5-4 vote at the Bank of Japan's first meeting of the year on Friday.

"The BoJ will cut interest rates further into negative territory if judged as necessary," the Bank of Japan (BoJ) said, adding it would continue as long as needed to achieve an inflation target of 2%.

Some analysts have cast doubt over how effective the rate cut will be.

Analysis: Andrew Walker, economics correspondent

The Bank of Japan is imposing a negative interest rate on accounts it holds for commercial banks. It will start to charge them for looking after their cash. The European Central Bank and a few others are already doing it. But the Bank of Japan's negative rate is going to bite very gradually. The amount affected will build up over time. The move does not directly affect savers. They don't have accounts at the central bank. But certainly their banks could decide to pass on the cost they in turn will face as the impact of the negative rate accumulates. So perhaps in time savers will in effect be paying to keep their money at the bank. So they would have more of an incentive to spend.

In a press conference, the BoJ's governor Haruhiko Kuroda said the weakening growth rate of the global economy was the main factor behind the move: "Japan's economy continues to recover moderately and the underlying price trend is improving steadily... further falls in oil prices, uncertainty over emerging economies, including China, and global market instability could hurt business confidence and delay the eradication of people's deflationary mindset."

Earlier in the day, fresh economic data had again highlighted concerns over economic growth. The December core inflation rate was shown to be at 0.1% - far below the central bank's target.

Asian shares jumped and the yen fell across the board in reaction to the announcement. Japanese banks though saw their shares drop on the news as lenders are likely to see their margins squeezed even more.

Japan's export driven economy has been struggling in recent years

Mariko Oi, BBC News: 'Kuroda bazooka'

The decision to implement a negative interest rate has been dubbed "Kuroda bazooka" after the governor of the Bank of Japan.

Haruhiko Kuroda is well known for making surprise moves that shock investors. Only a few weeks ago, Mr Kuroda told the parliamentary budget committee that he would not introduce more stimulus for the economy.

So today's announcement caused the stock market to jump while the yen fell sharply against major currencies.

The option of lowering the cost of borrowing below zero has been on the cards for Japan's central bank since the early 2000s and it was the first in the world to consider it.

But when it comes to implementing the policy, Denmark, Sweden and Switzerland were first, followed by the European Central Bank which had to do everything it could to keep the EU economy afloat after the eurozone economic crisis.

Last resort

There are doubts, however, over how well the new policy will work.

"Negative interest rates are one of the last instruments in the BoJ's tool box," Martin Schulz of the Fujitsu Institute in Tokyo told the BBC. "But their impact is unlikely to be strong."

Mr Schulz cautioned that in the eurozone, negative interest rates are being used to tackle a financial crisis, whereas Japan is in a protracted slow growth environment.

"In Japan, credit didn't expand not because banks were unwilling to lend but because businesses didn't see the investment perspective to borrow. Even with negative interest rates, this situation will not change."

"Businesses don't need money - they need investment opportunities. And that can only be achieved by structural reforms, not by monetary policy," he said.

The decision comes in addition to the BoJ's massive asset-buying programme, which over the past years has failed to boost growth.

Bill Blain, of Mint Partners, said monetary authorities' moves to ever-cheaper money since the financial crisis that began in 2008 have distorted global markets - and investors were uneasy: "Investors are worried that the only place we've seen any inflation has been in financial assets, things like stocks, property and bonds. And as a result everyone is suddenly worried they are sitting on nightmares."