The battle to make lighter life-saving body armour
- Published
Royal Marine Brigadier Rory Copinger-Symes, in Afghanistan
Rory Copinger-Symes retired from the Royal Marines last year, having joined up in 1983.
During his decades of service he saw a dramatic change in the equipment he was given, particularly body armour.
"Body armour evolved over my 37 years," the retired Brigadier says. "It became more effective but frankly it got heavier, which was a problem."
For the last several decades, modern body armour has been made from synthetic fibres such as Kevlar, combined with either metal or ceramic plates known as trauma plates.
While good at stopping bullets and other threats, that combination was heavier than previous materials which included multiple layers of ballistic nylon and sometimes fibreglass plates.
While Mr Copinger-Symes says the Kevlar body armour is "not particularly uncomfortable", it has drawbacks.
"Obviously when worn in hot climates it is not pleasant," he explains. "As a consequence of the weight of the body armour we would tend to limit other items carried - but weapons and ammunition were essential."
Any reduction in the weight of equipment would be welcome by frontline troops
The weight and comfort issues of body armour are common to all armed forces.
A fully equipped version of the US Army's Improved Outer Tactical Vest, complete with four ballistic plates and collar and groin protectors, can weigh almost 30lb (14kg).
That's a lot more than the Vietnam-era vest which weighed just 8lb (3.6kg).
Each additional pound of body armour adds to already enormous loads for modern soldiers.
With weapons, food, batteries and other gear, US infantry in Iraq and Afghanistan sometimes carried as much as 100lbs (45kg) of kit - a burden for even the fittest soldiers.
Over time, carrying such a weight can contribute to injuries. In the US, statistics from the Department of Veteran Affairs indicate that the number of veterans who retired with musculoskeletal conditions rose by more than 10 times between 2003-2009.
Prized for its strength and affordability, Kevlar has been the most common material in armour for more than 40 years.
But it is being replaced by a new material which goes by the unwieldy name of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE).
It derives strength from its very long molecules, and modern production techniques exploit that feature. Some brands of UHMWPE are advertised as having 15 times the strength of steel for the same weight.
While early versions of the materials have been available for decades, it is only in the last few years that they've gained market acceptance - and become the option of choice for many forces around the globe.
Body armour has to stop bullets and disperse the energy
However, there is an added complication for the makers of body armour.
Protecting the user goes beyond catching a bullet or a piece of shrapnel. Armour also has to prevent the energy from those projectiles from being transferred to the wearer.
Currently, new materials are less effective at doing that. The vest might stop the bullet but the wearer could still die.
The common solution is to add more polyethylene and other materials to try prevent that trauma, which of course adds weight.
Colin Metzer, the director of blast and ballistics at Colorado-based firm Skydex, says that increasingly sophisticated materials will improve the situation.
For example, the ceramic plates fitted into body armour are becoming better, with newer versions using materials such as boron carbide.
"There's a continual development of raw materials, which can then be integrated back into body armour that increases performance while decreasing weight," Mr Metzer says.
The challenge is to find the right balance between mobility and protection
Even modest improvements in weight or protection, ideally both, could make a lifesaving difference for soldiers or police.
Someone carrying more weight is going to be slower and less agile, a problem for a soldier trying to quickly climb a steep hill or cross a river.
"Being able to move quickly to safety can be a matter of life and death," Mr Metzer points out. "The best case for any warfighter is not to be hit at all."
In the longer-term, many body armour experts believe that nanotechnology, in which materials are manipulated at a molecular or supra-molecular scale, could mean extremely lightweight body armour that is more like clothing.
Researchers from the US Army, external have said that in the future, thin spandex-like body armour might be possible.
Among the researchers working in this space is University of Sussex professor Alan Dalton, the lead scientific advisor at nanotech firm Advanced Material Development.
Prof Dalton believes that futuristic lightweight materials may mean that other heavy pieces of kit carried by soldiers can be integrated into body armour, turning it into wearable technology that can also protect a user.
"That would mean, for instance, putting communications devices such as antennas directly into textiles or into the infrastructure of a uniform," he says.
Nanotechnology is the key to even stronger materials argues Alan Dalton
Additionally, Prof Dalton says that future systems might even be able to change how a soldier might appear to a thermal imaging system.
"I could potentially change the apparent temperature down to something close to the background temperature. If anyone was using a thermal camera, I'd just blend into the background," Prof Dalton says.
It's a function he likens to the creatures from the Predator science-fiction franchise. In those movies, the alien could blend into the background with no thermal footprint.
Back in in the real world, retired Brigadier Rory Copinger-Symes says such nanotechnologies could make a big difference for service personnel.
"If it can build-in an antenna, a power source, or perhaps all the pockets and stuff that I need - that would make the rest of my operating life easier."