Pressure on Bank of England to hike interest rates

All eyes are on Bank of England policymakers on Thursday as they face pressure to lift interest rates in response to rising inflation.

Many analysts have predicted that rates will rise to 0.25% when the decision is announced at lunchtime.

The UK's main interest rate, set by the Bank's Monetary Policy Committee (MPC), has been at an all-time low of 0.1% since the pandemic began.

But prices have been rising sharply since the economy reopened.

The Bank itself has acknowledged that inflation could peak at 4% or even 5% before cooling again - far above its 2% target.

Charlie Bean, a former deputy governor of the Bank who is now a senior member of the Office for Budget Responsibility, told the BBC that the fiscal watchdog expects interest rates to reach the pre-Covid level of 0.75% within the next 18 months.

"Interest rates really have been very low during the pandemic," he said. "So it is reasonable to expect to see some movement up."

He added: "The question for the Bank is, do they move this month?"

Torsten Bell, chief executive of the Resolution Foundation think tank, said the decision was "finely balanced", because the economic recovery was "showing signs of weakening", while price rises were largely down to global factors and outside the Bank's control.

What does this mean?

With record low interest rates, borrowing money in the UK is currently as cheap as it ever was.

Now, however, the tide is turning and that era of ultra-cheap money could be coming to an end.

If the Bank does lift interest rates, many people with a mortgage will face higher repayments, since lenders will seek to increase their rates in line with the Bank's decision.

However, savers will be hoping for a better return on their money.

What would an interest rate rise achieve?

The main point of making it more expensive to borrow money is to curb inflation - the rate at which prices are rising.

As the UK economy recovers from the impact of Covid, consumers have more money to spend. That pent-up demand is pushing up the cost of a whole range of goods, some of which are in short supply because of the way in which factors such as the pandemic and Brexit have disrupted supply chains.

That's bad news for the Bank, which has a mandate to keep the annual rate of inflation at 2%.

If it goes as high as 3% or as low as 1%, the Bank's governor, Andrew Bailey, has to write a letter to Chancellor Rishi Sunak to explain why and what he is going to do about it.

Andrew Bailey has said the Bank will have to act to curb inflation

We are already in that territory, since inflation is currently at 3.1%. And the Bank expects it to rise still further.

• Why is the cost of living going up?

• How would an interest rate rise affect you?

If the Bank puts interest rates up, the effect is to persuade people not to borrow and spend. Instead, consumers will tend to save, because returns from savings are higher.

With less disposable income being spent, the economy slows and inflation goes down again. That's the theory, at least.

What are the drawbacks?

Interest rates can be a bit of a blunt instrument. If they go up too far and too fast, that can choke off economic recovery and even cause a recession.

The Bank has been sitting on its hands in recent months, taking the view that the burst of inflation will be short-lived and will fix itself without the need for intervention.

And to be fair, other countries are seeing a similar price surge, yet neither the US Federal Reserve nor the European Central Bank has so far stepped in to raise rates.

But markets now expect the UK's main interest rate to rise - and those expectations are already having a direct impact on the mortgage market, with borrowers trying to lock in a low rate on five-year fixed deals while they still can, while some of the best deals are already disappearing.

Mortgage experts say they are expecting a "slow and measured" increase in the cost of home loans.

How would mortgage holders be affected by a rate rise?

• Some 74% of mortgage holders are on fixed-rate deals, so would only see a change in their repayments when their current term ends

• Of the remainder, 850,000 homeowners are on tracker deals, which usually move in line with Bank rate changes

• The other 1.1 million are on standard variable rates (SVR), often because they have been automatically moved at the end of their fixed-deal term. The rate of interest they pay can be changed at any time by their lender, as is often the case if the Bank rate is altered

• Were there to be a 0.25 percentage point rise in rates, this would translate to approximately an additional £26-a-month mortgage payment on average for a tracker rate customer and £16 for the typical borrower on an SVR

Source: UK Finance

So is a rate rise a done deal?

There are nine people on the Bank's MPC, so at least five of them need to be in favour of putting up rates.

Analysts reckon that those voting for an increase will include the governor, Mr Bailey, who has said the Bank "will have to act" over rising inflation.

The Bank's new chief economist, Huw Pill, has declined to say how he will vote, but he has said the Bank is in a "very uncomfortable place" and that the decision on Thursday is "finely balanced".

If rates do not go up this time, the MPC will have other chances at its next two meetings in December and February.

Markets seem convinced that there will be at least one rate increase by then.

Suppose they hold off. What's the worst that could happen?

Those whose memories stretch back as far as the 1970s will be uncomfortably aware of the dangers posed by out-of-control inflation.

Price rises reached their peak in 1975, hitting a rate of 22.6%, as the cost of oil tripled and sent petrol prices rocketing.

But in those days, powerful trade unions were able to demand and receive higher wages to match those price increases. This, it has been argued, pushed prices up further, causing an inflationary spiral.

No-one is seriously suggesting that those days are set to return. But they do serve as a reminder of why central banks around the world were given a mandate to seek price stability in the first place.

If the Bank of England cannot demonstrate its ability to get a grip on rising prices, it could face questions about how well it is doing its basic job.