Nitrous oxide: Laughing gas users risk spine damage, say doctors

Doctors at an east London hospital say they are seeing so many risky cases of laughing gas misuse that they have drawn up treatment guidelines for colleagues in the UK.

Nitrous oxide, sold in metal canisters, is one of the most commonly used drugs by 16 to 24-year-olds.

Heavy use can lead to a vitamin deficiency that damages nerves in the spinal cord.

The Royal London Hospital team say medics need to be on alert.

They have been seeing a new case almost every week.

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These patients come in with nerve-related symptoms - being unable to walk, falling over or experiencing tingling or loss of sensation in their feet and hands.

Some have nerve-related bladder or bowel problems or incontinence.

Importantly, for NHS workers, few mention nitrous oxide use.

Prof Alastair Noyce, a consultant neurologist at Queen Mary University of London, told BBC News: "These are young people we are seeing - teenagers and people in their 20s.

"What's striking now is the severity. We've seen that increase over the last 12 months or so."

He said that might be linked to people using large cylinders of the gas which can contain a similar amount to 60 or 70 of the small silver canisters that can be seen scattered on streets and in parks.

"If you have been using and you develop symptoms, stop using it immediately and seek medical help as soon as possible," he said.

The drug can damage the nervous system by interfering with the metabolism of vitamin B12. This damages a protective layer on nerves, typically those in the rear of the spine.

Correcting the vitamin B12 deficiency quickly, with vitamin injections, can prevent permanent damage.

The guidelines, endorsed by the Association of British Neurologists and written with experts from Manchester, Birmingham, Nottingham and the Queen Mary University of London, warn doctors what to look for and how to treat.

What are the risks of nitrous oxide?

• Nitrous oxide slows down your brain and your body's responses

• Too much can make you faint, lose consciousness, or suffocate

• Chronic heavy use can also cause nerve damage

• Inhaling directly from the canister is particularly dangerous - the gas is freezing cold and under high pressure, which can damage the throat and lungs, stop breathing or slow the heart

• It can also cause short-lived but intense feelings of paranoia

The government in England and Wales is considering a ban on use and sales over health concerns.

In January, the Netherlands became the first country in the world to make its use illegal.

Authorities say the gas can still be used for medical purposes, as an anaesthetic, and in the food industry - as a propellent for making whipped cream.

Jon auditioned for Britain's Got Talent three times, and went to watch an X Factor live show with his mum, Emma

Emma Cain, who lost her son Jon after he used another type of volatile gas called butane, has been warning other young people of the dangers of inhaling substances.

Jon died aged 17 from cardiac arrest in 2011 immediately after inhaling the lighter gas.

In an interview with the BBC in October, she said: "I'm just one person, trying to stop people from doing it, and if that means I have to stop them on the street, I will do that.

"I will tell them it's dangerous, and that they're playing with their lives."

Kerry-Anne Donaldson, 26, from London, started taking canisters of laughing gas when she was 18, mostly at parties.

The first time Kerry-Anne ended up in hospital, she was seriously ill - but she kept taking it "to chase the first high I felt".

Her legs, hands and feet became increasingly numb and tingly until, last year, she could no longer walk.

Kerry-Anne kept going back to laughing gas but now regrets it because nerves in her spine have been damaged

"I was 24 and hadn't done them since I was 23 - but the damage was still there," she says.

She says she can now get up and get around her flat but cannot walk to the shop.

"My message to other people would be 'don't do them, it's not worth it'.

"At least educate yourself and know what damage it can cause. I didn't listen and I hid it from my friends that I was doing it," she says.

The Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs is expected to provide a recommendation in 2023 on whether nitrous oxide should be criminalised.

Prof Tom Warner, president of the Association of British Neurologists, says using nitrous oxide recreationally carries a significant risk.

"These important clinical practice guidelines lay out how to recognise, diagnose and, most importantly, treat those people attending emergency departments... and prevent long-term neurological disability," he said.