Enlarged prostate: What is it and how to treat it

Buckingham Palace said King Charles would undergo a "corrective procedure" next week

Charities and doctors have welcomed the King going public about needing treatment for an enlarged prostate.

It could encourage men with similar symptoms to get a check-up, they say.

• King leaves hospital as Kate recovers at home

What is an enlarged prostate?

An enlarged prostate is not usually serious, but can cause troubling symptoms needing treatment.

The prostate is a gland that should be about the size of a walnut.

It sits at the base of the bladder - the organ that stores urine.

When men urinate, the urine flows into a long tube called the urethra, which passes through the centre of the prostate.

An enlarged prostate hugs that pipe tighter and can restrict the flow.

All prostates grow as men age.

How quickly varies from person to person - and it will not always cause an issue.

But more than one in three men over 50 will have some symptoms of prostate enlargement.

What are the symptoms of an enlarged prostate?

Ones to look out for include:

• urinating more frequently, waking up at night to urinate or needing to urinate urgently

• feeling the bladder is not emptying fully

• weak flow when urinating

• having to wait for urine to flow

• erection and ejaculation problems

NHS: Decision support tool on enlarged prostate

Could it be prostate cancer?

Doctors call the condition benign prostate enlargement.

Benign means a growth that is not cancer.

The risk of prostate cancer is no greater for men with an enlarged prostate.

But the chances of developing prostate cancer also increase with age - and the symptoms can be similar.

So those with prostate problems should ask their doctor for a check-up.

What will a check-up involve?

The doctor will ask about symptoms and probably offer a physical rectal exam.

They put a gloved finger up through the anus to feel the prostate from inside the body.

This can be uncomfortable, and might make the patient feel they want to urinate, but should not hurt.

Doctors know some people can feel embarrassed - but it is a common procedure and takes just a few minutes.

They may also test samples of:

• blood for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) - low levels can help rule out cancer

• urine to check if the symptoms might be due to an infection or something else

What is the treatment for an enlarged prostate?

Symptoms are unlikely to disappear untreated. However, according to the NHS, half of men diagnosed with an enlarged prostate manage them without drugs or surgery, by:

• drinking less alcohol and avoiding caffeine

• avoiding too much fluid before bedtime

• eating more fibre - beans, bran and vegetables - to avoid constipation

• avoiding certain medicines - but only when recommended by their doctor

• exercising to strengthen pelvic-floor muscles

• wearing discreet pads inside underwear, to catch dribbles

Herbal supplements such as saw palmetto are not currently recommended, although some men say they work for them.

What drugs can treat it?

These are available on the NHS:

• tamsulosin, alfuzosin and silodosin - alpha blockers that relax the muscles of the prostate and bladder

• dutasteride and finasteride - alpha-reductase inhibitors that stop the prostate from growing and can even shrink it

Desmopressins slow night-time urine production and anti-cholinergic drugs can reduce urgency to urinate.

Most patients' symptoms are alleviated, according to the NHS, but there can be side effects.

What does surgery involve?

There are several types of surgery or procedures to shrink the prostate or widen the urethra that are available on the NHS.

Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is done with the patient asleep under general anaesthetic and involves inserting a a very thin wire into the urethra. The wire is then to shave off bits of the prostate. There is also a similar procedure that uses a laser instead.

After both of these procedures, a catheter is fitted for a day or two, to collect urine while the patient recovers.

Some NHS hospitals offer aquablation, which uses pressurised water instead of a laser.

Others offer a steam treatment that takes about 20 minutes, under local anaesthetic, with the patient awake.

All procedures carry some risks.