'Tipping point' risk for Arctic hotspot
- Published
How do warmer waters threaten the Barents Sea ecosystem?
A rapid climate shift under way in the Barents Sea could spread to other Arctic regions, scientists warn.
The Barents Sea is said to be at a tipping point, changing from an Arctic climate to an Atlantic climate as the water gets warmer.
A conference in Norway heard that the Kara Sea and the Laptev Sea – both further to the east - are likely to become the new Arctic frontier.
The scientists warn that it will affect ecosystems.
It may also impact on global weather patterns, although there's no agreement on that.
They’re concerned because the north Barents Sea has been governed by an Arctic climate since the end of the last Ice Age, 12,000 years ago.
The Arctic Ocean has a cold, fresh surface layer which acts as a cap on a layer of warm, saltier Atlantic water beneath.
But now in the Barents Sea there’s not enough freshwater-rich sea-ice flowing from the high Arctic to maintain the freshwater cap.
And that’s allowing warm, salty Atlantic water to rise to the surface.
In what’s known as a feedback loop - the more the layers mix, the warmer the surface gets. And the warmer the surface gets, the more the waters mix.
So it’s now only a matter of time, the researchers say, before this section of the Arctic effectively becomes part of the Atlantic. It could happen in as little as a decade, they warn.
Species such as this Arctic squid are vulnerable to the warming of waters
Dr Sigrid Lind, from the Institute of Marine Research and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research in Norway, told the conference that if the sea stratification broke down completely, the change might be irreversible.
“Large sea ice inflows of several consecutive years would probably be needed to rebuild the freshwater reservoir once its gone- and that's not likely given global warming and strong Arctic sea-ice loss,” she told BBC News.
She said the shift was so rapid that the whole Barents Sea could be completely sea ice-free within a few decades - possibly even a decade. Then a new polar frontier region would probably develop further east, in the Kara Sea or Laptev Sea.
Dr Lind explained: “This is probably the first modern example of a rapid climate shift event - a part of the Arctic domain is shifting over to the Atlantic climate regime.
"This sort of shift happened in the Nordic Seas during the last Ice Age – and when it happened it changed very fast.
“This shows that the Arctic is responding to the one-degree of global warming that we have today by shrinking and losing its outer part to the Atlantic domain. That's alarming."
Dr Jeremy Wilkinson from the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) told BBC News that the new findings on stratification and freshwater were vital for understanding the future of the Arctic.
Other scientists said different factors might be significant too, like a change in wind patterns that appears to be pushing sea-ice away from the Barents region.
The changes could affect weather patterns as far away as East Asia, and may have an effect on the jet stream, which influences so much of the UK's weather patterns. Scientists haven’t reached agreement on this yet.
And in another puzzle, freshwater in the western Arctic seems to be increasing as it diminishes in the eastern Arctic. Scientists are still struggling to fathom the complexities of human impact on the planet.
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