Uber: The scandals that drove Travis Kalanick out

Uber's embattled chief executive Travis Kalanick has resigned from the firm, following pressure from shareholders.

His resignation comes after a chaotic few months at the firm, including a series of scandals about sexual harassment, macho culture and the departure of senior executives.

Mr Kalanick had already said that he was taking an indefinite leave of absence following the sudden death of his mother in a boating accident.

There is no doubt that Travis Kalanick, the billionaire founder of the Uber lift-sharing platform, built a company that is one of the giants of Silicon Valley.

However, recent months have seen him make a series of apologies for both his own behaviour and that of members of his leadership team.

Uber now operates in 662 cities around the world and is valued at nearly $70bn (£55bn).

Mr Kalanick's reputation for ruthlessness and machismo has led to some deeply uncomfortable reports about the culture inside Uber: with persistent stories about organisational sexism and disputes with drivers over their terms and with local authorities and taxi companies.

"Travis's biggest strength is that he will run through a wall to accomplish his goals," investor and mentor Mark Cuban told the New York Times.

"Travis's biggest weakness is that he will run through a wall to accomplish his goals. That's the best way to describe him."

'Scrappy entrepreneur'

Travis Kalanick's informal "bro-like" tone has not always helped.

In a widely reported email to staff ahead of a company party in Miami in 2013, Mr Kalanick - known as TK - asked employees not to have sex with each other if they were in the "same chain of command" or to throw beer kegs off tall buildings, and levied a $200 (£158) "puke charge" for anyone who was sick, presumably as a result of over-indulgence.

Arianna Huffington has said Travis Kalanick needs to change his leadership style

It's difficult to imagine Apple's Tim Cook or Facebook's Mark Zuckerberg writing a similar missive.

Board member Arianna Huffington said in March that Mr Kalanick needed to evolve his leadership style from "scrappy entrepreneur" to "leader of a major global company."

President Jeff Jones is one of a stream of executives who have parted ways with the company in recent months. Mr Jones left after less than one year in post.

"It is now clear... that the beliefs and approach to leadership that have guided my career are inconsistent with what I saw and experienced at Uber, and I can no longer continue as president of the ride-sharing business," he said in a statement to Recode.

Mr Kalanick himself acknowledged that he needed to "grow up", after a video of him swearing at an Uber driver in a row over rates was shared online.

He said he was "ashamed" of his behaviour and accepted that he needed "leadership help".

He now has a private driver.

Women

It has been claimed that Mr Kalanick saw the medical records of a woman who accused an Uber driver of rape in India, after they were obtained by Uber Asia executive Eric Alexander.

Uber did not comment directly but confirmed that Mr Alexander no longer worked there.

In February 2017, a blog post by former Uber engineer Susan J Fowler, which documented her experiences of sexism at Uber, went viral.

It led to Mr Kalanick launching an investigation into the culture of the organisation.

He described her experiences as "abhorrent" and against the company's values.

Another Uber employee who wrote about her time there said it had been suggested to her - by another woman - that a male manager couldn't look her in the eye because she was wearing a sleeveless tank top.

There are other anecdotes about Uber's attitude to women that have raised eyebrows.

'Boob-er'

During an interview with the magazine GQ in 2014, Mr Kalanick joked about a service for women on demand, which he nicknamed "Boob-er".

• Uber chief Kalanick may face bumpy ride

• Dear Travis... leadership tips for Uber's beleaguered boss

• Uber investigates 'abhorrent' sexism claims

Ex-girlfriend Gabi Holzwarth recalled going with Mr Kalanick and a team of employees to an escort-karaoke bar in Korea where women sat in a circle at the bar, wearing tags with numbers on them.

He did not get involved and the pair did not stay for long.

She said she had later been asked by senior vice-president Emil Michael to tell reporters they had sung karaoke and "had a good time".

Mr Michael said this was not his recollection of the conversation.

Uber said the event had been reported to human resources and the workplace culture report investigators.

Mr Michael left the company on 12 June.

Also in 2014, a promotion by Uber in Lyon promised to pair riders with "hot chick" drivers for a maximum period of 20 minutes - Buzzfeed obtained screenshots of the blog post, subsequently deleted, which featured models in lingerie.

The same year Emil Michael suggested at a dinner that the company should hire researchers to dig dirt on its critics, singling out one female journalist in particular.

Mr Michael later apologised for the "off the record" remarks.

Breaking the rules

Some of Uber's operations under Travis Kalanick's watch have been in decidedly grey areas.

The New York Times revealed that it had been using a computer program called Greyball, which it claimed had been used to identify officials trying to catch its drivers and deny them service in areas where Uber had not yet been authorised.

Uber said the program had been used to prevent "fraudulent users" from violating its terms.

Apple forbids apps from tracking its devices

It was also reported that Apple boss Tim Cook had personally intervened when his company had discovered Uber had been using "fingerprinting" code to track iPhones by collecting their serial numbers, which is against the terms of the app store.

Uber claimed the process deterred criminals from installing its app on stolen handsets.

Waymo, the self-driving car firm owned by Google's parent firm Alphabet, has accused Uber of stealing trade secrets.

In court, Waymo alleged that Anthony Levandowski, a former employee, downloaded 14,000 confidential files before leaving the company in 2016 and later joining Uber to head up its self-driving car project.

Uber denies receiving or using stolen technology.

In May 2017 it fired Mr Levandowski for allegedly declining to assist in its investigation relating to the lawsuit.

An Uber driverless car in San Francisco

The idea of driverless cars was never going to sit well with Uber's thousands of drivers, even though it appealed to its investors, and the company approached it with the steamrolling tactics favoured by Mr Kalanick.

A research collaboration with Carnegie Mellon University's robotics centre soured after 40 of its researchers and scientists left to join the ride-sharing firm.

Uber was criticised for raising prices during heavy snow in New York

Uber has also been criticised over its price-surging policy, where the price of a journey goes up if it is in high demand.

On that subject, Mr Kalanick was unapologetic.

"We did more trips because of our approach, not fewer," he told Wired following a price surge during heavy snow in New York in 2013.

"We gave people more options to get around, and that is the whole fricking goal."

Perhaps it is his burning ambition to meet that one "fricking goal" that might ultimately have driven Travis Kalanick to bad behaviour.

"We characterise him as aggressive, dog-eat-dog, and he's obviously an extremely driven individual, that's how he's achieved what he's achieved," said John Blakey, executive coach and author of The Trusted Executive, in a recent BBC interview.

"[But] what got you here, won't get you there. Those attributes - the challenge, the boldness, the brashness - to get to the next stage of the game, he has to recognise he needs new qualities."