Clutha helicopter pilot given five low fuel warnings

Families have waited more than five years for an FAI to be held

The pilot of the police helicopter that crashed into the Clutha pub, killing 10 people, had received five low fuel warnings, a fatal accident inquiry has heard.

At 22:19 on 29 November 2013, David Traill, who was among those who died, had told air traffic control he was returning to Glasgow City Heliport.

At 22:22, the Police Scotland helicopter crashed through the roof of Glasgow's Clutha bar.

Thirty one people were also injured.

The court heard that at the point Mr Traill said he was returning to the Clyde heliport from Bothwell, the helicopter was estimated to have 86kg of fuel on board.

Low fuel

Marcus Cook, senior inspector of air accidents at the Air Accidents Investigation Branch (AAIB), said that, as well as a warning unit, the pilot also had a screen known as a Caution and Advisory Display (CAD).

It should have indicated the amount of fuel in the main tank, the left supply tank and the right supply tank.

Mr Cook said: "The evidence suggests the CAD was functioning at the time."

The helicopter's warning unit had two indicators of note in relation to the fuel. They were "Low Fuel 1", which related to the level of fuel in the tank supplying the left engine, and "Low Fuel 2", which covered the right engine.

During the final flight the court heard the pilot received and acknowledged five fuel warnings.

The pilot received three intermittent Low Fuel 1 warnings before a fourth, which remained on for the rest of the flight.

He also received a single Low Fuel 2 warning which he acknowledged. It also remained on for the remainder of the journey.

• Helicopter 'spluttered' before crashing on pub

• Clutha pilot flew on after fuel warning

• Follow the BBC's Paul O'Hare who is tweeting from the inquiry

Mr Cook told the hearing he would have expected the pilot to make a PAN call - which would have indicated he had a fuel issue - "long before the final stages of the flight".

He said: "The one thing you always keep an eye on is how much fuel you have on board, how much endurance you have available."

He said that if a pilot believes he is going to go below final fuel reserve he should make a mayday call.

The witness said police helicopter pilots had an "acute fuel awareness" due to the non-routine nature of their work.

Requirement to land

Mr Cook told the court that every time a fuel warning illuminated on the helicopter's dashboard it should have been accompanied by an "audio gong" which would be heard by anyone on board. The warning must be acknowledged and suppressed by pressing a button.

He added that the pilot was instructed on the technicalities of the helicopter's fuel system during his initial conversion training in 2008. This included the requirement to land within 10 minutes of being presented with a low fuel warning.

The court heard an excerpt from the AAIB report which noted that at the time of the accident in November 2013, the EC135 model of aircraft had accumulated more than three million flying hours over 20 years. It added: "There had not previously been a reported instance of fuel starvation."

(Top: left to right) David Traill; PC Kirsty Nelis; PC Tony Collins; Gary Arthur; Samuel McGhee (Bottom: left to right) Colin Gibson; Robert Jenkins; Mark O'Prey; John McGarrigle; Joe Cusker

Mr Cook said the pilot received three low rotor speed warnings and made some attempt to manage the rotor output before the crash. The FAI was told the warnings are triggered when the speed dips below 97% but if it drops below 75% it is "irrecoverable".

Mr Cook agreed with Sean Smith QC that it would be an "unusual event" for a pilot to experience an engine flame out. Asked about the probability of a double engine flame out, the witness replied: "More unusual".

And he agreed that David Traill was an experienced pilot and had spent 646 hours at the controls of an EC135 helicopter.

At the time of the crash the helicopter had 76kg of fuel on board.

Asked by Donald Findlay QC, who is representing the family of Robert Jenkins, if that would have been enough - under normal circumstances - for it to reach the Glasgow City Heliport, Mr Cook replied: "Probably."

In October 2015 a report from the AAIB concluded the pilot did not follow emergency protocol and flew on despite the low fuel warnings.

It also found fuel transfer pumps were turned off and a controlled landing was not achieved for "unknown reasons".

And it recommended that all police helicopters should be equipped with black box flight recording equipment.

More than 100 people were in The Clutha when the Eurocopter EC 135, operated by Bond Air Services, crashed into the bar.

'Nothing new'

Pilot David Traill, 51; PC Tony Collins, 43; and PC Kirsty Nelis, 36, lost their lives along with seven customers who were in the bar on Stockwell Street.

They were Gary Arthur, 48; Joe Cusker, 59; Colin Gibson, 33; Robert Jenkins, 61; John McGarrigle, 58; Samuel McGhee, 56; and Mark O'Prey, 44.

The second day of the hearing earlier heard that AAIB investigators had received nothing "new or significant" enough for the original investigation to be reopened despite being sent various documents over the years.

Philip Sleight, deputy chief inspector of air accidents at the AAIB, told the court that the AAIB's purpose was to investigate the circumstances of an accident and make recommendations with the intention of preventing a reoccurrence.

He said the focus of the AAIB was "encouraging safety" not "apportioning blame".

Mr Findlay asked who the relatives could speak to about differences between the draft and final report.

Mr Sleight said the differences could not be discussed because of regulations. Mr Findlay asked if the families of those who died just have to accept that. Mr Sleight replied "yes".

Mr Sleight told the inquiry: "It is quite normal for a report to change significantly between draft and final."

Helicopter communication

Mr Cook, who was part of the team that prepared the AAIB report, told the court about the communication on board helicopter.

He said it was the responsibility of the pilot to liaise with Air Traffic Control. Separately, the Police Scotland Airwave system was used for operational purposes.

He told the hearing both means of communication were recorded.

• Clutha survivor: 'Going back to pub helped my recovery'

• Clutha families 'punished again' over FAI

The helicopter's last journey was traced by radar. It left Glasgow at 20:45 to respond to reports of someone being struck by a train at Oatlands. It then travelled to Dalkeith for a routine task before carrying out surveillance in Bothwell, Uddingston and Bargeddie.

The FAI, which is being held in a temporary court at Hampden Park football ground, has now adjourned for the day and will resume on Wednesday.

It is expected to hear about three months' worth of evidence between now and August but it will not sit every day.

Clutha timeline

• 29 November 2013: Police helicopter crashes on Clutha bar in Glasgow, killing 10 people.

• 9 December 2013: AAIB preliminary report finds there was 95 litres of fuel onboard the aircraft.

• 14 February 2014: AAIB special report finds both engines "flamed out". One of the fuel tanks was empty, while a second contained 0.4 litres. A third contained 75 litres, but transfer pumps to take this fuel to the other two engine tanks were switched off.

• 23 October 2015: AAIB final report finds main cause of accident to be mismanagement of the fuel system by the pilot.

• 24 November 2017: Fatal accident inquiry announced.