How much do Nato members spend on defence?
- Published
Nato expects 23 of its 32 members to achieve the target level of spending on defence this year.
The members of the military alliance pledged to spend at least 2% of the value of their economies - measured by GDP - on defence per year by 2024.
Which countries spend most on defence?
According to Nato estimates, external for 2024, Poland will be the top spender for the second year running, allocating 4.1% of GDP (the total value of goods and services produced).
Estonia is in second place at 3.4% with the US in third place at 3.4%, which is about the same level as it has been spending for the last decade.
The UK comes ninth on the list with 2.3%. The government has committed to increasing that to 2.5% but has not said when this will happen.
The average for Nato members in Europe and Canada is estimated at 2.0%.
The US is a global superpower, with military commitments around the world, not just to Nato. It had GDP equal to all the rest of the members of Nato in 2024, and its spending on defence is two thirds of the Nato total.
Defence spending by European Nato members and Canada has increased over the last 10 years.
Which countries are increasing their defence budgets?
The current target for European Nato members of 2% of GDP on defence by 2024 was agreed in 2014.
In that year only three countries (the US, UK and Greece) were spending more than 2% on defence.
Nato members also pledged that by 2024 at least 20% of their defence expenditure should go on acquiring and developing military equipment.
Shashank Joshi, defence editor of The Economist told BBC News on 9 July 2024 that the reason for that target is so countries are "not just wasting it all on pensions or something that isn't directly contributing to combat power".
In 2024, all Nato members except Belgium and Canada are expected to achieve that.
US personnel taking part in a Nato exercise in Ukraine
What about the cost of running Nato?
Nato's annual budget and programmes come to about €3.8bn (£3.2bn or $4.1bn) overall, and there's an agreed cost-sharing formula to pay for the running of things such as:, external
civilian staff and administrative costs of Nato headquarters
joint operations, strategic commands, radar and early warning systems, training and liaison
defence communications systems, airfields, harbours and fuel supplies
The cost sharing is based on national income.
The three biggest contributors to this are the US and Germany at 16% and the UK at 11%.
The US used to pay more than 22% of these running costs.
But a new payment formula was agreed in 2019 to address complaints by the Trump administration about the burden to the US of supporting the alliance.
What else does the US do for Nato?
The US has about 85,000 troops, external based throughout Europe. Some US personnel based in Europe support non-Nato operations and US military numbers fluctuate as forces are rotated in and out of Europe.
Germany currently hosts by far the largest number of US forces in Europe, followed by Italy and the UK.
However, the biggest single overseas deployment of US personnel is not in a Nato member state at all. It is in Japan, where the US maintains more than 50,000 troops.
US forces also have a significant presence in the Middle East and the Gulf, although exact figures are not always disclosed and some deployments are only temporary.
Additional reporting by Thomas Spencer
