Kazakhstan media guide

The media scene is dominated by state-owned and pro-government outlets. Most major outlets are controlled by the government directly or indirectly.

Nearly all pro-opposition print titles have been closed or forced into exile.

Those that remain are "collapsing under the impact of fines", says Reporters Without Borders (RSF).

TV is the most popular medium. The government operates national networks. Russian stations are carried via cable and satellite.

There were 16.4 million internet users by July 2022, comprising 86% of the population (InternetWorldStats). Russian social media are widely used.

The internet is "closely controlled, with mass surveillance, imprisonment of bloggers and frequent cuts in access to news websites, social networks and messaging services", says RSF.

• Media guides by BBC Monitoring

Press

• Kazakhstanskaya Pravda - state-run, Russian-language

• Yegemen Qazaqstan - state-run, Kazakh-language

• Ekspress-K - private, Russian-language

• Zhas Alash - private, Kazakh-language

• Liter - private, daily

• Vremya - private, Russian-language

• Karavan - private, weekly

Television

• Qazaqstan - state-owned, in Kazakh and Russian

• Khabar TV - state-owned, news network

• El-Arna - state-owned, news and entertainment

• Kazakh Commercial TV (KTK) - private, in Kazakh and Russian

• Eurasia 1 - majority government-owned

• Channel 31 - private

• Channel 7 - private

Radio

• Qazaq Radiosy - state-owned, broadcasts in Kazakh and Russian

• Europa Plus - private, Almaty, Astana

• Tengri FM - private, Almaty

• Russkoye Radio-Aziya - private, Almaty, Astana

News agencies/internet

• Kazinform - state-owned; English-language pages

• Interfax Kazakhstan - a service of Russian news agency Interfax; English-language pages

• Tengrinews - private, news website