Barnaby Joyce: Australia deputy PM disqualified from office

Australian Deputy PM Barnaby Joyce and four other politicians were wrongly elected because they held dual citizenship, a court has ruled.

The High Court of Australia decision means three of the politicians, including Mr Joyce, are disqualified from office. The others quit in July.

Australia's constitution prohibits dual citizens from being elected.

Mr Joyce's exit puts pressure on the government, which only had a one-seat majority when he was in office.

He could return through a by-election.

The deputy prime minister, who renounced New Zealand citizenship in August, has pledged to re-contest his lower house seat.

"I respect the verdict of the court," Mr Joyce said immediately after the verdict.

"We live in a marvellous democracy, with all the checks and balances they have given us all the freedoms we see. I thank the court [for] their deliberations."

Who are Australia's dual citizen MPs?

The other four politicians - Fiona Nash, Malcolm Roberts, Larissa Waters and Scott Ludlam - had been elected to the Senate.

(Clockwise from top left) Larissa Waters, Scott Ludlam, Fiona Nash and Malcolm Roberts

Another two politicians under scrutiny, senators Matt Canavan and Nick Xenophon, were ruled to have been validly elected.

The dual citizenship saga has captivated Australian politics since July, prompting dozens of MPs to publicly clarify their status.

What did the politicians argue?

During three days of hearings, the government told the court that only Mr Roberts and Mr Ludlam should be disqualified, arguing the others did not know about their dual citizenship when they were elected last year.

Mr Roberts claimed he had tried to revoke his citizenship. Mr Ludlam and Ms Waters, the only MPs to resign over the saga, did not offer a defence - arguing all seven should be ineligible.

What did the court say?

The seven-judge bench deliberated for two weeks before ruling that five politicians were ineligible as a "subject or citizen of a foreign power", under to the constitution's section 44(i).

The court ruled that Mr Canavan and Mr Xenophon were not dual citizens, according to the constitutional definition.

The court was not satisfied that Mr Canavan had attained Italian citizenship through descent, while Mr Xenophon's class of inherited UK citizenship did not give him full rights and privileges.

What does it mean for the government?

With Mr Joyce disqualified, Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull's numbers slip to 75 in the 150-seat House of Representatives.

However, Mr Turnbull could regain his 76-seat majority if Mr Joyce wins the by-election on 2 December. Mr Joyce is eligible to run now he is a citizen of Australia alone.

Mr Turnbull has reshuffled his cabinet because both Mr Joyce and Ms Nash held ministerial portfolios.

How a dual citizen crisis befell Australia

Another contest begins

Jay Savage, BBC Australia Online editor

This ruling ends months of confusion about what some had described as an out-of-date, if not odd, quirk of Australia's 1901 constitution.

But that clarity brings only fresh uncertainty for Mr Turnbull.

The prime minister had repeatedly expressed confidence that all three of his coalition members would be absolved by the court.

Now he faces a parliament where he is more likely to lose votes, and confront greater tactical manoeuvring - at least for the time being.

Most experts believe it is likely that Mr Joyce will win a by-election in his New South Wales seat, possibly with an increased margin.

However, victory is not assured and Mr Joyce could face many rivals. Will such intense national scrutiny affect the vote?

A loss would be a blow for Mr Turnbull, who is already facing several political headaches, including heated debates over legalising same-sex marriage and recognition of indigenous Australians.

What has been the reaction?

Mr Turnbull said he was disappointed in the court's decision, but stressed that his government still had six more MPs than Labor's 69.

"The decision of the court today is clearly not the outcome we were hoping for but the business of government goes on," he said.

Labor criticised Mr Turnbull for not immediately suspending Mr Joyce and Ms Nash after they referred themselves to the court in August.

Deputy leader Tanya Plibersek vowed to scrutinise decisions the pair had made.

What about the senators?

Their seats will not go to a by-election. Instead, each disqualified senator will be replaced by a member of their own party, or coalition partner, in a recount of votes from the July 2016 election.

Despite being ruled eligible, Mr Xenophon said earlier this month that he would resign regardless of the verdict to run for South Australia's state legislature.

Ms Waters has already signalled her intention to contest the next general election.

• Ms Waters first to breastfeed in Senate

Are any ministerial decisions in doubt?

The Labor opposition has claimed that decisions made by Mr Joyce and Ms Nash since last year are "under a cloud" and could face a legal challenge.

However, legal experts told the BBC that challenges would be unlikely to succeed, because they could potentially disadvantage the public.

Prof Anne Twomey, from the University of Sydney, said the law would protect Australians who relied "in good faith on the apparent authority" of ministers to make decisions.

However, any decisions made since August - when the ministers learned of their dual citizenship - could be less secure, the experts said.