South Ossetia profile

South Ossetia seceded from Georgia in 1992 and proclaimed itself an independent republic. Georgia and the vast majority of UN countries do not recognize this independence.

Both Georgia and international organisations often refer to the area informally as the Tskhinvali region.

South Ossetia saw a brief war between Russia and Georgia in 2008. Moscow subsequently recognised South Ossetia as an independent state, and began a process of closer ties that Georgia views as effective annexation.

South Ossetia is inhabited mostly by Ossetians, who speak a language distantly related to Persian. Most ethnic Georgians have been displaced from the region by the two conflicts. They had accounted for about a third of the population prior to the collapse of the Soviet Union.

South Ossetia is separated from Russia's North Ossetia region by a border running high in the Caucasus mountains.

SOUTH OSSETIA/ALANIA: FACTS

LEADER

President: Alan Gagloev

Gagloev became president of South Ossetia following the April 2022 presidential elections. One of his first acts was to cancel a referendum on unification with Russia, which had been planned for July 2022 until consultations with Moscow were complete.

During his election campaign he said his priority would be the development of the region's economy. In his inauguration speech he said that allied relations and integration with Russia would be "the main vector of our republic's foreign policy."

MEDIA

There is little media activity in South Ossetia beyond the state broadcaster and state news agency.

Moscow-based TV and radio channels are relayed extensively. A handful of private newspapers publish only sporadically.

Television/Radio

News agencies/online

TIMELINE

Tskhinvali was heavily damaged in the 2008 fighting

Some key dates in South Ossetia's history:

18th/19th Centuries - Russian empire expands southwards into the Caucasus.

1920s - Ossetians ally with the Bolshevik forces that occupy Georgia. The USSR divides the area into two administrative regions.

1980s/90s - Nationalist leader Zviad Gamsakhurdia comes to power in Georgia, separatist sentiment grows in South Ossetia.

1990-92 - After several outbreaks of violence, South Ossetia declares its intention to secede from Georgia and proclaims independence in 1992. Sporadic violence involving Georgian irregular forces and Ossetian fighters continues until agreement on the deployment of Georgian, Ossetian and Russian peacekeepers is reached.

2008 - Tensions between Georgia and Russia escalate into a full-blown military conflict after Georgia tries to retake South Ossetia by force following lower-level clashes with Russian-backed rebels.

Russian forces counter-attack and push Georgian troops out of South Ossetia and Abkhazia. After five days of fighting, the two sides sign a French-brokered peace agreement. Russia recognises both South Ossetia and Abkhazia as independent states - very few other countries do.

2009 - Russia bolsters its position in South Ossetia by signing a five-year agreement to take formal control of its frontiers with Georgia proper, as well as those of Abkhazia.

2015 - Russia signs an "alliance and integration agreement" with South Ossetia that abolishes border checkpoints. Georgia views this as a closer step towards Russian annexation of the region. Russian forces push the border fence 1.5km further into Georgia proper - a short distance from Georgia's main west-east highway.

2017 - Region votes to rename itself the State of Alania. Alania was originally a medieval kingdom in the central North Caucasus, but there is a dispute in the region over who are the historic heirs of this kingdom.

2022 - South Ossetia announces it will open checkpoints with Georgia for 10 days a month.

Much of the region lies more than 1,000 metres above sea level