Jamal Khashoggi murder: Turkey puts 20 Saudis on trial in absentia

Twenty Saudi nationals have gone on trial in absentia in Turkey for the murder of the journalist Jamal Khashoggi in 2018.

Khashoggi, a prominent critic of Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, was killed by a team of Saudi agents inside the kingdom's consulate in Istanbul.

The defendants include two former aides to the prince, who denies involvement.

Saudi Arabia, which rejected Turkey's extradition request, convicted eight people over the murder last year.

Five were sentenced to death for directly participating in the killing, while three others were handed prison sentences for covering up the crime.

• The secret tapes of Jamal Khashoggi's murder

• Jamal Khashoggi: All you need to know about his death

• The journalist who vanished into a consulate

The Saudi trial was dismissed as "the antithesis of justice" by a UN Special Rapporteur Agnes Callamard, who concluded that Khashoggi was "the victim of a deliberate, premeditated execution" for which the Saudi state was responsible.

What happened at the trial?

Khashoggi's Turkish fiancée, Hatice Cengiz, was one of those who testified at the opening session.

She later told journalists gathered outside the courtroom that she found the process spiritually and psychologically debilitating.

Ms Cengiz expressed confidence in the Turkish judicial system and declared: "Our search for justice will continue in Turkey as well as in everywhere we can."

Jamal Khashoggi's Turkish fiancée, Hatice Cengiz, told journalists: "We trust in Turkish justice."

Another witness who gave evidence was Zeki Demir, a Turkish citizen who worked as a handyman at the Saudi consulate.

Mr Demir told the court that he was called to the consul general's residence on the day Khashoggi disappeared and asked to light an oven used for barbecues.

"There were five to six people there," he said. "There was an air of panic... It was as if they wanted me to leave as soon as possible."

Mr Demir added that he returned to the residence a few days later and noticed how the marble around the oven had been bleached.

Ms Callamard, the UN Special Rapporteur who was also at the hearing, said: "We have not moved the killing of Jamal Khashoggi into a formal setting that the international community can recognise, because the trial in Saudi Arabia could not be given credibility and legitimacy."

"Here for the first time, we have the hitmen being indicted and we have a number of those have commissioned the crime," she added.

The next hearing will take place on 24 November.

On the surface of it, this may appear to some to be a largely pointless exercise for purely political ends.

None of the Saudi suspects are in court; none are ever likely to be extradited to Turkey to face justice; and Saudi Arabia has already held its own trial, in secret, last year, which was widely condemned as incomplete.

But for the UN special rapporteur, for the murdered journalist's fiancée, and for his friends and relatives, this is a chance to get all the facts out into the open.

After all, it was the Turkish intelligence service that bugged the Saudi consulate in Istanbul, where the murder took place, so Turkey possesses the vital audio tape of the journalist's last minutes before he was overpowered and killed.

There are, of course, political points to score here, too: Turkey and Saudi Arabia are regional rivals.

But those attending the trial's opening believe it presents a fresh chance at revealing new and possibly damning evidence.

How did Jamal Khashoggi die?

The 59-year-old journalist, who went into self-imposed exile in the US in 2017, was last seen entering the Saudi consulate on 2 October 2018 to obtain papers he needed to marry Ms Cengiz.

After listening to purported audio recordings of conversations inside the consulate made by Turkish intelligence, Ms Callamard concluded that Khashoggi was "brutally slain" that day.

The Saudi government said the journalist was killed in a "rogue operation" by a team of agents.

Saudi Arabia's public prosecution said the murder was ordered by the head of a "negotiations team" sent to Istanbul to bring Khashoggi back to the kingdom "by means of persuasion" or, if that failed, "by force".

The public prosecution concluded that Khashoggi was forcibly restrained after a struggle and injected with a large amount of a drug, resulting in an overdose that led to his death. His body was then dismembered and handed over to a local "collaborator" outside the consulate. The remains were never found.

Turkey's public prosecution concluded that Khashoggi was suffocated almost as soon as he entered the consulate, and that his body was destroyed.

Who are the defendants?

Turkey's state-run Anadolu news agency cited the indictment filed by Turkish prosecutors as accusing Saud al-Qahtani, a former senior adviser to Crown Prince Mohammed, and Ahmad Asiri, Saudi Arabia's former deputy intelligence chief, of "instigating a premeditated murder with the intent of [causing] torment through fiendish instinct".

The 18 other defendants are charged with carrying out "a premeditated murder with the intent of [causing] torment through fiendish instincts".

Court-appointed Turkish lawyers representing the defendants said their clients denied the charges.

Saud al-Qahtani (L) and Ahmed al-Asiri (R) were senior aides to Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed

The eight individuals who were convicted of Khashoggi's murder in Saudi Arabia have never been identified by the Saudi authorities.

According to interviews conducted by Ms Callamard, their lawyers argued at the Saudi trial that they were state employees and could not object to the orders of their superiors, and that Mr Asiri insisted that he never authorised the use of force to bring Khashoggi back to Saudi Arabia.

The Saudi public prosecution said Mr Asiri was tried but acquitted due to insufficient evidence, and that Saud al-Qahtani was investigated but not charged.

Khashoggi's son Salah, who lives in Saudi Arabia, said in May that he and his brothers were "pardoning those who killed our father, seeking reward from God almighty". That effectively granted them a formal reprieve under Saudi law.