Panama Canal expansion prompts safety concerns

One hundred and one years ago this month, the first ship sailed through the Panama Canal which links the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

The 77km-long (48 mile) waterway has been called one of the seven wonders of the modern world but a century after its inauguration it is now too small to take the world's largest container ships.

When the Panama Canal was built a century ago, steam shovels were used for digging

A new lane is being built to allow ships which can carry more than double the current cargo to pass through the isthmus.

Work on the expansion began in September 2007 and was originally set to finish in 2014.

Following delays caused by construction workers' strikes and disputes over cost overruns, the date for completion was pushed back to April 2016.

Massive project

Standing at the base of the upper chamber of one of the new locks peering up at the first gate you get to appreciate the vast scale of this $5.2bn-project (£3.2bn).

Before the new locks were flooded in June, it was easier to appreciate their size

Workers are dwarfed by the size of the massive walls in one of the new locks

Executive Vice-President for Engineering Ilya Espino de Marotta rattles off the figures.

The chamber is 55m (180ft) wide.

Gate number one, the smallest, is 33m high and weighs a whopping 2,300 tonnes.

It can be operated by a single person and will only take four to five minutes to open, she says.

No more 'mules'

There is another key difference in the way the new locks will operate.

Currently tugboats help guide ships through the narrow waterway.

Tugboats play a crucial role in helping ships through the Panama Canal

At present, electric 'mules' also keep vessels on track

In the existing locks, ships are also tethered to electric locomotives, called mules, which run along the dock walls and help align the ships correctly.

A large vessel may have up to eight mules guiding it, with two on each side at the bow and stern.

In the new locks, there will be no mules.

'No training'

The lack of mules is something which worries tugboat captains, says Ivan de la Guardia, General Secretary of the Union of Tugboat Captains and Deck Officers of the Panama Canal.

Tugs guide the vessels through the canal

Capt de la Guardia is worried about the lack of mules in the new locks

Capt de la Guardia fears the responsibility for guiding ships safely through the new locks will lie squarely with the tugboat captains.

He says that so far, the canal administration has not given them any guidance and has failed to include them in the relevant technical committee.

"We haven't had any training or any briefing by anyone from the canal administration on how they plan to do this," he says.

"This raises a big red flag because there are obvious safety concerns."

'Joint responsibility'

Panama Canal Administrator Jorge Luis Quijano says that the role of the tugboat captains will be different in the new locks, but denies that responsibility for steering the ships will lie solely with them.

Panama Canal Admininstrator Jorge Luis Quijano says he will provide the necessary training

He says that there will be a "combined responsibility" between the tugboat captains and the pilots who board the vessels and who will give instructions to the tugboats.

Mr Quijano is adamant that the canal administration is going to extraordinary lengths to provide training, even building a scaled model of the canal and two ships at a cost of $6m.

"We're building two little lakes and locks in the Culebra Cut so that they can try [the 1:25-scale ships] there."

Moreover, he says, there are two bridge simulators and a tugboat simulator for pilots and tugboat captains to practise on.

But Capt de la Guardia says scale models and simulators are not good enough.

Tugboat captains say nothing beats hands-on practice

"What we need is real hands-on training on how to manoeuvre real ships, to see how we are going to put the lines up, the speed at which we can do this, and how many ship lengths we need to stop the ship."

"Because if we can't stop the ship in the canal, we have a big problem."

'Real-life conditions'

Mr Quijano insists the models and simulators are just the first step and that he himself proposed that the Panama Canal Administration charter a full-sized container ship.

"We plan to have that vessel here by January and it's in the budget," he says.

He adds that this will give everyone involved in steering ships through the new locks three months to practise under real-life conditions.

"We have the plan and we will execute the plan," he says.