India's corruption scandals

India's ruling Congress party has been hit by a series of damaging corruption scandals over the past year. The opposition has made regular calls for Prime Minister Manmohan Singh to resign, only adding to the difficulties of a politician once seen as India's most honest.

BBC news considers the <link> <caption>major corruption controversies</caption> <url href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/thereporters/soutikbiswas/2010/11/there_should_be_zero_tolerance.html" platform="highweb"/> </link> to have beset the government in its second term of office.

TELECOMS LICENCES

Mr Raja denies having undersold licences to mobile phone firms

In February 2012, the Supreme Court cancelled 122 telecommunications licences awarded to companies in 2008.

The licences were issued by former minister Andimuthu Raja, who is accused of mis-selling bandwidth in what has been called India's biggest corruption scandal.

He is alleged to have issued the frequency licences on a "first-come, first-served" basis instead of auctioning them. Mr Raja denies wrongdoing.

In March last year, a former aide of Mr Raja, who owned a real estate company, <link> <firstCreated>2011-03-16T11:05:15+00:00</firstCreated> <lastUpdated>2011-03-16T12:19:45+00:00</lastUpdated> <caption>committed suicide</caption> <url href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12758644" platform="highweb"/> </link> .

Auditors <link> <caption>estimate the alleged mis-selling</caption> <url href="http://cag.gov.in/html/reports/civil/2010-11_19PA/Telecommunication%20Report.pdf" platform="highweb"/> </link> of the licences cost the exchequer nearly $40bn (£24.5bn) in lost revenue in what some analysts are calling <link> <firstCreated>2010-11-15T14:16:33+00:00</firstCreated> <lastUpdated>2010-11-15T14:16:33+00:00</lastUpdated> <caption>India's biggest ever scandal</caption> <url href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11757412" platform="highweb"/> </link> .

The scandal has claimed two other politicians: Mr Raja's colleague in the southern DMK party, MP <itemMeta>news/world-south-asia-13467042</itemMeta> , was arrested last year in connection with the scandal; and Textile Minister <link> <firstCreated>2011-07-07T09:07:08+00:00</firstCreated> <lastUpdated>2011-07-07T10:26:21+00:00</lastUpdated> <caption>Dayanidhi Maran</caption> <url href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-14061507" platform="highweb"/> <url href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/mobile/world-14061507" platform="enhancedmobile"/> </link> resigned last year following allegations that he coerced the founder of the mobile phone firm Aircel to sell off his stake to a firm favoured by the minister. He denies the allegation.

Police have also questioned <link> <caption>business leaders</caption> <url href="http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/21c6875c-36a8-11e0-bc9f-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1Gr4o6Ups" platform="highweb"/> </link> , TV bosses and political figures in connection with the alleged scam.

ARMY BRIBERY ROW

In March 2012, army chief Gen VK Singh said a defence industry lobbyist had offered him a bribe of $2.7m (£1.7m) if the army bought hundreds of trucks that the general considered "sub-standard".

The general's allegation, made in <link> <caption>an interview with The Hindu newspaper</caption> <url href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3223758.ece" platform="highweb"/> </link> , provoked outrage in parliament and Defence Minister AK Antony promised an investigation. He acknowledged the general had come to him with the allegation more than a year earlier and asked for a written complaint.

The general did not put the complaint in writing and both men seemed to have dropped the matter.

Two days after the interview came out, a letter from Gen Singh to Prime Minister Manmohan Singh complaining that India's defences were largely obsolete and woefully inadequate was leaked, provoking more outrage in parliament.

This, despite a multi-billion dollar procurement drive in recent years to modernise the army's equipment.

Analysts say the modernisation drive has been hampered by a lack of planning and acrimony between the military and the defence ministry.

WIKILEAKS: 'CASH FOR VOTES'

There have been protests against the perceived rising tide of sleaze

There was uproar in India's parliament on 17 March 2011 after a <link> <caption>leaked cable</caption> <url href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/the-india-cables/article1544916.ece" platform="highweb"/> </link> from the whistle-blowing Wikileaks website described how a senior Congress aide showed a US embassy official "chests of cash" allegedly used to <link> <firstCreated>2011-03-17T08:02:50+00:00</firstCreated> <lastUpdated>2011-03-17T13:26:29+00:00</lastUpdated> <caption>bribe MPs to support the government </caption> <url href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12768908" platform="highweb"/> </link> in a crucial <link> <firstCreated>2008-07-22T09:31:34+00:00</firstCreated> <lastUpdated>2008-07-22T16:30:11+00:00</lastUpdated> <caption>vote of confidence</caption> <url href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7518797.stm" platform="highweb"/> <url href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/mobile/world/south_asia/7518797.stm" platform="enhancedmobile"/> </link> in 2008.

The vote was over a controversial deal between India and the US which paved the way for India to massively expand its nuclear power capability. The government's left-wing allies withdrew support, but Congress narrowly survived the vote. Opposition parties at the time <link> <firstCreated>2008-07-23T04:48:55+00:00</firstCreated> <lastUpdated>2008-07-23T11:16:55+00:00</lastUpdated> <caption>accused the government of offering cash</caption> <url href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7520726.stm" platform="highweb"/> <url href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/mobile/world/south_asia/7520726.stm" platform="enhancedmobile"/> </link> for votes.

The Congress party and all of those named in the cable deny the allegations.

The leak came just days after a new <link> <caption>report by consultancy KPMG</caption> <url href="http://www.kpmg.com/IN/en/IssuesAndInsights/ThoughtLeadership/KPMG_Bribery_Survey_Report_new.pdf" platform="highweb"/> </link> said that <link> <firstCreated>2011-03-15T09:54:05+00:00</firstCreated> <lastUpdated>2011-03-15T12:10:57+00:00</lastUpdated> <caption>corruption threatened India's growth</caption> <url href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12740213" platform="highweb"/> <url href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/mobile/world-south-asia-12740213" platform="enhancedmobile"/> </link> . It said that it wasn't simply the daily diet of petty bribes that hold back the economy, but the huge scams where billions of dollars are allegedly siphoned off by government and industry.

In July 2011, two people - a politician's aide and a political activist - were <link> <firstCreated>2011-07-21T04:10:40+00:00</firstCreated> <lastUpdated>2011-07-21T04:10:40+00:00</lastUpdated> <caption>arrested</caption> <url href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-14229387" platform="highweb"/> <url href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/mobile/world-south-asia-14229387" platform="enhancedmobile"/> </link> in connection with the scandal. The Supreme Court criticised the police for carrying out a "shoddy probe".

A senior MP, Amar Singh, <link> <firstCreated>2011-07-22T07:32:34+00:00</firstCreated> <lastUpdated>2011-07-22T07:32:34+00:00</lastUpdated> <caption>was also questioned</caption> <url href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-14245694" platform="highweb"/> <url href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/mobile/world-south-asia-14245694" platform="enhancedmobile"/> </link> after he was accused of offering to bribe opposition MPs to abstain from the vote. He denies the allegation.

ANTI-CORRUPTION CHIEF FORCED OUT

In early March 2010 the head of India's anti-corruption watchdog, PJ Thomas, was <link> <firstCreated>2011-03-03T07:05:23+00:00</firstCreated> <lastUpdated>2011-03-03T14:37:11+00:00</lastUpdated> <caption>forced to resign by the Supreme Court</caption> <url href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12631887" platform="highweb"/> <url href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/mobile/world-south-asia-12631887" platform="enhancedmobile"/> </link> on the grounds that he himself faces corruption charges.

The decision was an embarrassment for Manmohan Singh because he chaired the committee that cleared his appointment and publicly supported him.

Mr Thomas says the charges - which are 20 years old - are baseless. He has never been arrested and the charges have also never been tested by a judge in court.

MAHARASHTRA WIDOWS

In November 2010 Ashok Chavan, the chief minister of Maharashtra, one of India's most prosperous states, was forced to quit over his alleged role in a <link> <firstCreated>2010-11-09T06:48:09+00:00</firstCreated> <lastUpdated>2010-11-09T09:43:16+00:00</lastUpdated> <caption>scam involving homes for war widows</caption> <url href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11715855" platform="highweb"/> <url href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/mobile/world-south-asia-11715855" platform="enhancedmobile"/> </link> .

Retired senior army officers and relatives of senior politicians are accused of helping themselves to apartments in the Adarsh Society building in Mumbai that were meant for war widows.

Mr Chavan denies any wrongdoing. He was ordered to resign by Congress leaders while the matter is investigated.

In March 2012, a retired bureaucrat and two former army personnel were charged with criminal conspiracy, cheating, forgery and criminal misconduct in connection with the case.

COMMONWEALTH GAMES

Suresh Kalmadi and another chief were booed during the Games's opening and closing ceremonies

The 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi were beset by more than poor organisation: police <link> <firstCreated>2010-11-15T14:18:07+00:00</firstCreated> <lastUpdated>2010-11-15T16:27:31+00:00</lastUpdated> <caption>arrested various Games officials</caption> <url href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11759270" platform="highweb"/> <url href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/mobile/world-south-asia-11759270" platform="enhancedmobile"/> </link> for alleged financial irregularities.

The build-up to the event was <link> <caption>overshadowed by revelations</caption> <url href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Commonwealth-Games" platform="highweb"/> </link> of sleaze, incompetence and missed construction deadlines.

And in January 2011, yet another Congress party head rolled when Suresh Kalmadi, the Games organising committee chief, was <link> <firstCreated>2011-01-24T10:59:19+00:00</firstCreated> <lastUpdated>2011-01-24T12:43:02+00:00</lastUpdated> <caption>removed from this post</caption> <url href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12265465" platform="highweb"/> </link> .

He has been under investigation over claims of corruption and denies any wrongdoing.

In August last year, a <link> <firstCreated>2011-08-05T15:25:02+00:00</firstCreated> <lastUpdated>2011-08-05T15:25:02+00:00</lastUpdated> <caption>report by India's state auditor </caption> <url href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-14424311" platform="highweb"/> <url href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/mobile/world-south-asia-14424311" platform="enhancedmobile"/> </link> tabled in parliament said preparations for the Games were deeply flawed, riddled with favouritism and vastly over budget.

It said there were serious irregularities with bidding and contracts, and that the seven years organisers had to prepare were wasted.

The games cost $4.1bn (£2.5bn) instead of the $270m (£166m) first estimated, while revenue was only $38m (£23m).

The government said parliament would reflect on the report and "decide what needs to be done".

MINING SCANDALS

Mining has become a source of corruption

BS Yeddyurappa of India's main opposition Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) <link> <firstCreated>2011-08-01T04:40:22+00:00</firstCreated> <lastUpdated>2011-08-01T04:40:22+00:00</lastUpdated> <caption>quit as chief minister</caption> <url href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-14361737" platform="highweb"/> <url href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/mobile/world-south-asia-14361737" platform="enhancedmobile"/> </link> of the southern state of Karnataka in July 2011 after he was indicted in a mining scandal.

An anti-corruption <link> <caption>report</caption> <url href="http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/justice-hegdes-report-on-illegal-mining-in-karnataka-122771" platform="highweb"/> </link> alleges the scam cost the exchequer more than $3bn (£1.8bn) between 2006 and 2010. Mr Yeddyurappa denies any wrongdoing.

Correspondents say <link> <firstCreated>2011-08-11T23:46:16+00:00</firstCreated> <lastUpdated>2011-08-11T23:46:16+00:00</lastUpdated> <caption>illegal mining</caption> <url href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-14486290" platform="highweb"/> <url href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/mobile/world-south-asia-14486290" platform="enhancedmobile"/> </link> has been rife for years in Karnataka. The state produces about 45 million tonnes of iron ore a year and exports more than half of it to China.

The anti-corruption report on mining in Karnataka found that the promoters of privately-owned mining companies in the Bellary region - where most of the mines are located - paid off politicians, and then joined politics themselves, rising to positions in the state government.

These mining businessmen-turned-politicians exerted so much influence over the local officials that the Indian media began describing Bellary as a "new republic".

In November last year, a report claimed that nearly half the iron ore exported from the western state of Goa was illegally mined.

A draft report from government auditors that was leaked in March 2012 estimated that India lost $210bn between 2004 and 2010 by selling coalfields to companies without competitive bidding.

But the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) said the draft report was still under preparation and "the details being brought out were observations which are under discussion at a very preliminary stage".