How the Brittney Griner prisoner swap with Russia was done

This is a significant moment for President Joe Biden, who's been under public pressure to bring Brittney Griner home, and for Griner's wife Cherelle, who's been campaigning tirelessly to make it happen.

The relief and joy was evident as they stood next to each other at the White House.

"She is safe. She is on a plane. She is on her way home," Biden declared in an address to the nation, calling her ordeal "months of hell".

A beaming Cherelle told journalists she was "overwhelmed with emotion" and was "going to smile right now".

It took more than nine months to get to this point, but despite the celebrations the administration failed to win freedom for another detained US citizen - Paul Whelan.

Arrested on the eve of war

Griner was arrested at a Moscow airport in February on drugs charges when vape cartridges containing a small quantity of cannabis oil were found in her luggage - just days before Russia invaded Ukraine. She pleaded guilty but said it was an honest mistake.

The Biden administration declared she'd been wrongfully detained and swung into action. It has made the release of US hostages a priority and created a special envoy for this purpose. But Griner's case was shadowed by added layers of complexity and pressure - not least that negotiations took place against the backdrop of a war in which the US is arming Ukraine.

Still, the administration in April was able to win the release of an American marine imprisoned in Russia, Trevor Reed. It exchanged him for a Russian pilot sentenced to cocaine trafficking charges in the US, demonstrating that the two countries could keep open a channel separate from their geopolitical tensions.

This, together with the publicity surrounding Griner's detention, galvanised the families of other detainees who banded together to lobby for more action from the White House.

The negotiating strategy

In July, Griner sent a handwritten letter to Biden saying she was afraid she'd be detained indefinitely and pleading with him not to forget her.

Just days later, Secretary of State Antony Blinken publicly expressed frustration that Russian counterparts were refusing to engage with what he called a "substantial offer". That was a highly unusual move in the discreet world of hostage diplomacy and a window into what Biden called "painstaking negotiations".

It became clear the Russians wanted a prisoner swap for Viktor Bout - a notorious arms dealer who was serving a 25 year sentence in US prison. In Russia he is referred to simply as a businessman, known to have carried out risky aviation trips to dangerous places. It's not clear whether he had connections to Russian intelligence but both Russian and US experts agree that he must have known quite a lot, which is probably why the Kremlin wanted him back.

Viktor Bout was arrested in Thailand in 2010 before being extradited to the US.

It was a big ask and the administration negotiated hard to include Whelan - a corporate security executive who's been jailed for nearly four years. He has been convicted of espionage and is serving a 16-year prison sentence.

Despite Blinken's public statement in July, US officials said the talks were stonewalled for months; Griner received a harsh nine year prison sentence - lost an appeal - and last month was sent to a remote penal colony.

Things looked dark for the basketball player - until today.

In recent weeks both Russian and US officials had expressed cautious optimism but the announcement of a prisoner swap was delivered without warning.

The prisoner swap

A US official said the agreement came together in the past 48 hours; the sticking point appears to have been the two-for-one deal. The Russians made clear Griner was the only option.

"This was not a choice of which American to bring home," US Secretary of State Antony Blinken said. "The choice was one or none."

Biden made the "very painful" decision to go ahead and Griner and Bout are reported to have passed each other on the tarmac at the Abu Dhabi airport where the exchange took place.

Shortly afterwards the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Saudi Arabia released a statement saying their joint mediation efforts had helped secure Griner's release.

Biden thanked the UAE for providing a location for the swap but the White House played down the notion of a formal mediation role. The White House Press Secretary Karine Jean-Pierre said the US was grateful to Saudi Arabia for raising the issue with Moscow but the deal was negotiated by the US and Russia.

US officials - from the president down- repeatedly said they regretted that Whelan was not included in the deal and vowed to continue efforts to secure his release.

The difficulties had to do with the "sham espionage" charges made against him, according to a US official. Apparently it is a bigger deal for the Russians to trade a spy than a sports star.

• Who is freed US basketball star Brittney Griner?

• The Merchant of Death: Who is Viktor Bout?

• Paul Whelan: The ex-US Marine jailed in Russia

It was a reminder that there are other Americans who've been detained for much longer than 9 months who don't have celebrity status to help propel their case.

It was also a reminder that there are limits to what the US can achieve and that it had to pay a high price.

"The other side always gets a strong vote," US Hostage envoy Roger Carstens recently said. In this case the US traded a convicted arms dealer known as the "merchant of death" for a sports star caught with less than a gram of cannabis oil.

That this prisoner swap is the second this year however indicates that the Russians and Americans do keep up shadowy contacts even though official relations are frozen.