What tariffs has Trump announced and why?

President Donald Trump has introduced tariffs on goods reaching the US from countries around the world.

Trump argues that the move will boost American manufacturing and create jobs, but critics warn of higher prices and damage to the global economy.

What are tariffs and how do they work?

Tariffs are taxes on imported goods.

Typically, the charge is a percentage of a good's value.

For example, a 10% tariff on a $10 product would mean a $1 tax on top - taking the total cost to $11 (£8.13).

The tax is paid to the government by companies bringing in the foreign products.

These firms may pass some or all of the extra cost on to their customers, which in this case means ordinary Americans and other US businesses.

They may also decide to import fewer goods.

Why is Trump using tariffs?

Trump says tariffs will increase the amount of tax raised by the government, encourage consumers to buy more American-made goods, and boost investment in the US.

He wants to reduce the US trade deficit - the gap between the value of goods it buys from other countries and those it sells to them.

The president argues that the US has been taken advantage of by "cheaters", and "pillaged" by foreigners.

Trump has also used the taxes to make other demands.

For example, when announcing tariffs against China, Mexico and Canada, he said the countries must do more to stop migrants and illegal drugs reaching the US.

He has also threatened tariffs against countries trading with Russia, unless a deal to end the war in Ukraine is reached.

Many tariffs have been amended or delayed after being announced.

They have also faced numerous legal challenges.

In August, a US appeals court ruled that most tariffs announced by Trump are illegal.

The White House asked the Supreme Court to overturn the decision. It has confirmed it will hear arguments in the case in the first week of November.

What are Trump's tariffs on individual countries?

A patchwork of different rates is in place. Together they have lifted the average US tariff from less than 2.5% at the start of 2025 to more than 18%, according to analysts.

Many tariffs stem from Trump's announcement in April that a "baseline" of 10% would apply to imports from all countries. Nations considered the "worst offenders" would face higher rates, as payback for unfair trade policies.

New tariff rates for dozens of countries were introduced in August, after delays to allow for trade talks. They include:

• 50% tariffs on Indian goods - including a 25% penalty for trade with Russia

• 50% tariffs on Brazilian goods

• 30% tariffs on South African goods

• 20% tariffs on Vietnamese goods

• 15% tariffs on Japanese goods

• 15% tariffs on South Korean goods

Negotiations are ongoing with a number of countries, including America's top three trading partners - which have all been warned that they would face particularly high tariffs:

• China and the US had threatened tariffs of more than 100% on each other's goods, but have extended a truce until November. This will allow time for further discussions about "unfair trade practices" and to address national security issues, the White House said

• Canada - which had faced tariffs of up to 35% - and the US are also continuing their negotiations. Canadian Prime Minister Mark Carney said it would drop some retaliatory tariffs to "re-establish free trade for the vast majority" of goods

• Mexico was given a reprieve on tariffs of 30% or more until the end of October, to allow time to strike a deal

What deals have the UK and EU made on tariffs?

At 10%, the UK has negotiated the lowest US tariff rate so far of any country that has struck a deal with Trump.

It exported about £58bn of goods to the US in 2024 - mainly cars, machinery and pharmaceuticals.

The 10% rate applies to the first 100,000 UK vehicles exported every year - roughly the number of cars sold in 2024. Additional vehicles face the standard 25% tariff.

The agreement also lets the two countries sell beef to each other. Some US ethanol will face 0% tariffs, instead of 19%.

Trump announced "the deal was done" in June, but did not confirm the expected removal of charges on steel imports from the UK.

However, the UK is the only country which does not face 50% tariffs on steel and aluminium, paying 25% instead.

In late July, the European Union (EU) said it had reached a framework deal with the US.

It means most EU goods will face 15% tariffs - half the rate Trump had threatened.

The trading bloc would charge US firms 0% duty on certain products, subject to approval by its 27 member states.

Which goods are affected by Trump's tariffs?

Some taxes announced by Trump are on particular products, wherever they are made.

These include:

• 50% tariff on steel and aluminium imports (except for those from the UK)

• 50% tariff on copper imports

• 25% tariff on most foreign-made cars, engines and other car parts

The US is the biggest importer of steel in the world after the EU, with most coming from Canada, Brazil, Mexico and South Korea

In addition, an exemption for imports valued at $800 (£592) or less has ended.

It means low-cost goods will no longer be duty-free - a move affecting millions of packages sent every day, including those from online retailers like Shein and Temu.

The companies shipping the parcels will pay duties based on the tariff rate which applies to the country from where the goods were sent. Otherwise, for six months, they can choose to pay a fixed fee of between $80 and $200 per package.

Trump has also threatened tariffs of 100% on semiconductors and up to 250% on pharmaceutical products.

Are prices going up for US consumers?

The impact of Trump's policies is only starting to be felt, although shoppers have already seen prices rise for some products.

The cost of tomatoes, for example, rose 3.3% between June and July, while coffee was up 2.3%.

However, overall inflation has remained relatively muted, with prices up 2.7% in the 12 months to July.

Experts say there could be further price rises in the months ahead as firms adjust to the higher tariff rates which were introduced in August.

Firms such as Target and Walmart, as well as popular brands such as Adidas, are among companies warning about price rises.

The cost of goods manufactured in the US using imported components is also expected to rise.

For example, car parts typically cross the US, Mexican and Canadian borders multiple times before a vehicle is completely assembled.

How have tariffs affected the economy?

Trump was accused of throwing the global economy into turmoil when he announced the introduction of tariffs.

Although financial markets have since recovered, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has predicted that tariffs will still lead to uncertainty and slower growth.

In July, it forecast global growth of 3% in 2025 and 3.1% in 2026 - below the 3.3% it had projected for both years before Trump's measures were announced.

The tariffs have hit the economies of key US trade partners particularly hard.

In Canada, unemployment has jumped to 7.1% and major forecasters expect growth of roughly 1.25% in 2025, compared to 1.8% predicted in January.

Meanwhile, growth in China held up better than expected in the first half of the year, even as exports to the US plunged.

In the US, the economy is also slowing, though big swings in trade have clouded the data.

The latest figures show the economy grew at an annual rate of 3% between April and June 2025, after shrinking in the first three months of the year.

The US government's tariff revenues have shot up. Official US data shows that in June 2025 they were $28bn, triple the monthly total in 2024.

The Congressional Budget Office, an independent watchdog, estimated in June that the tariffs imposed between 6 January and 13 May 2025 would reduce government borrowing in the 10 years to 2035 by $2.5tn.

However, it also suggested tariffs would shrink the overall size of the US economy.