Hopes that MRI scans can screen men for prostate cancer

A 10-minute MRI scan could be used to screen men for prostate cancer, according to a new study.

The scans proved far more accurate at diagnosing cancer than blood tests, which look for high levels of a protein called PSA.

MRI picked up some serious cancers that would have been missed by PSA alone.

At present there is no national screening programme because PSA is considered too unreliable, although men over 50 can request a PSA test.

The authors of this new study suggest that prostate MRI could be used for screening, though they say a larger study would be needed to assess this.

What is prostate cancer?

• Part of the male reproductive system, the prostate gland, about the size of a walnut, is in the pelvis, below the bladder

• It surrounds the urethra - the tube that takes urine out of the body through the penis

• Cancer is abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth

• But in the prostate, it usually develops slowly

• There may be no signs or symptoms for years

• And some never develop any problems from it

• But in others, the cancer can be aggressive and deadly

• Early diagnosis and treatment is key

For the Reimagine study, which is published in BMJ Oncology, men aged 50 to 75 in London were invited for screening MRI and PSA tests, which were carried out at University College Hospital.

Of the 303 who had both tests, 48 had a positive MRI that indicated cancer and of these 25 were diagnosed with significant cancer after further tests, including biopsies.

More than half the men whose cancer was picked up on MRI had low PSA test scores below 3ng/ml, which is considered normal, and so would have been falsely reassured they were free of disease.

Prof Caroline Moore, consultant urologist UCLH and chief investigator of the study at University College London, said: "Our results give an early indication that MRI could offer a more reliable method of detecting potentially serious cancers early, with the added benefit that less than 1% of participants were 'over-diagnosed' with low-risk disease."

Paul has received treatment for his cancer

Paul Rothwell, 62, had his prostate cancer diagnosed as a result of being on the trial. It was caught early and he was successfully treated. He feels fortunate because his PSA test was negative and so would have given false reassurance had it not been for his MRI.

Paul, from Hertfordshire, told the BBC: "If I'd just had the blood test I would be carrying on life as normal walking around unaware that there was some sort of ticking time bomb inside me of a cancer slowly growing, and by the time I did find out, presumably it would have been much harder to treat and much more dangerous to me."

PSA tests are considered useful but unreliable indicators of prostate cancer. As the trial showed, a low PSA score might miss cancer. And while high levels may indicate cancer, high PSA can also be caused by other things, such as a recent infection or vigorous exercise and sex. Even when there is cancer, PSA alone will not tell you which tumours are the aggressive ones that need treating, rather ones that can be safely left.

For the Reimagine trial, black men were five times less likely to come forward for screening than white men, even though they have a higher risk of prostate cancer.

Saran Green, another study author from King's College London, said: "One in four black men will get prostate cancer during their lifetime, which is double the number of men from other ethnicities. Given this elevated risk, it will be crucial that any national screening programme includes strategies to reach black men and encourage more of them to come forward for testing."

Errol McKellar (l) and Fergus Walsh

Errol McKellar, 66, from Essex, was diagnosed with prostate cancer 13 years ago. After successful treatment he returned to work as a car mechanic and began offering customers a discount if they got their, or their partner's, prostate checked.

He now runs a charity, the Errol McKellar Foundation, which aims to raise awareness of prostate cancer and to ensure more men come forward for testing.

He told the BBC: "When they brought their car in I'd ask men, 'When was the last time you had a service and MOT on yourself?'.

"There's a massive mistrust of the medical system among the African-Caribbean community, and that has to be dealt with. But also there's two elements that we find that come up very often: one is fear, and the other one is ignorance.

"When prostate cancer turns up at your front door, it doesn't care whether you're black, whether you're white - if you ignore it, it will kill you. In the end this is about all men, and leaving no-one behind."

Prof Mark Emberton, senior author of the study, said a screening programme could be up and running within the next decade: "The UK prostate cancer mortality rate is twice as high as in countries like the US or Spain because our levels of testing are much lower. Given how treatable prostate cancer is when caught early, I'm confident that a national screening programme will reduce the UK's prostate cancer mortality rate significantly."

Simon Grieveson, assistant director of research at Prostate Cancer UK, said: "When a man's prostate cancer is caught early, it's very treatable. Sadly, more than 10,000 men each year are diagnosed too late, when their cancer has already spread.

"MRI scans have revolutionised the way we diagnose prostate cancer, and it's great to see research into how we might use these scans even more effectively. These results are extremely exciting, and we now want to see much larger, UK-wide studies to understand if using MRI as the first step in getting tested could form the basis of a national screening programme."

What symptoms should people check for?

The common ones are:

• needing to urinate more frequently - particularly at night

• difficulty starting to urinate, weak flow and it taking a long time

• blood in urine or semen

These symptoms can be caused by other conditions too - but it is important to have any changes checked by a doctor.