The High Ambition Coalition (HAC) - a group of 30 ministers including the UK's COP26 President Alok Sharma - has held an emergency press conference calling on other nations to not water down promises to reduce emissions in negotiations.

The coalition's main aim is to support the 1.5C temperature goal and to push countries to reduce their emissions to net zero.

In their statement, the HAC said: "As we watch the devastating impacts of climate change this year...we come together to say that we must emerge from COP27 with a package of outcomes that keeps 1.5C alive and protects the world’s vulnerable.”

Tina Stege, the Marshall Islands' climate envoy, who read out the statement on behalf of the ministers, said that the final text must reflect "that we hold fast to our commitment to 1.5C".

The coalition also wants the final text to make clear that global emissions must peak before 2025.

In the UN's latest assessment of global emissions, external, a week before COP27 started, it warned that greenhouse gases are expected to rise more than 10% by 2030.

Read more here about what 1.5C means in a warming world.

Merlyn Thomas
Climate Change Disinformation Specialist

While the number of fossil fuel lobbyists at COP27 increased by 25% this year, there’s another notable presence: climate deniers.

The Washington-based think tank, Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow (CFACT), describes itself as an “alternative voice on issues of environment and development”.

Blogging throughout their time at COP, the group’s six members said CFACT would be there “demanding actual facts and challenging the climate gospel.”

The group falsely argues the real reasons for climate change are:

• the earth’s orbit
• varying distance from the sun
• sunspot activity
• ocean current; and
• volcanic activity

The group also ‘spoof’ glued their hands to an artefact in the Egyptian museum in “protest against net zero, green energy mandates”.

Image source, CFACT

CFAT was previously funded by fossil fuel giants, and the group and its members hold significant influence. Some of them have separately claimed to have influenced Trump's withdrawal from the Paris agreement.

CFACT said it “engages in climate policy to ensure decisions of such great magnitude, including the cost-benefit are fully vetted.”

A spokesperson for Global Witness - an environmental campaign group - said “giving oil and gas companies a seat at the table at climate negotiations makes no sense at all but allowing climate deniers into COP27 is a whole other level of madness".

Georgina Rannard
Reporting from COP27

A group of about 15 young activists have just gathered outside one of the main meeting halls here with a message for leaders.

"We demand that leaders deliver... we cannot afford COP to fail," they say.

Amit Singh, a UK medical student who says his home is India, shouted: "Shame, shame!"

"We're shouting at world leaders who are blocking these decisions. I'm shouting shame at the world leaders that are polluting the most," he told me as the protest continued.

He said leaders should not choose between more money to help countries pay for climate disaster and ambition to urgently tackle climate change.

While the most famous of climate youth activists, Greta Thunberg, didn't attend COP27, many others did and have made waves at the summit. Most activists have now left but these campaigners are staying because they want their voices reflected.

Asked about how COP rests on compromise and nations agreeing, Singh said: "Everyone has to be happy. The sad part is that we're not happy. I will not compromise on life."

Image source, CLIMATE VULNERABLE FORUM

COP27 isn't the only major gathering of the world's nations to take place this week. Leaders also flew to Indonesia for the G20 summit in Indonesia, where they made a commitment to pursue efforts to limit the rise in global temperatures to 1.5C.

There they recognised the need to speed up efforts to phase down coal use in tackling climate change.

Delegates at the COP27 summit in Egypt kept a keen eye on events at the G20 meeting in Bali, for signs that developed nations are willing to make new commitments on climate.

A declaration issued at the end of the G20 said its leaders reaffirmed its commitments, in “pursuit of the objective of UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) to tackle climate change by strengthening the full and effective implementation of the Paris Agreement and its temperature goal”.

The Paris Agreement saw almost all the world's nations - for the first time - support a common strategy to cut the greenhouse gas emissions which cause global warming.

Adopted by 194 parties (193 countries plus the EU) in the French capital on 12 December 2015, the treaty came into force on 4 November 2016. The G20 declaration also urged delegates at the COP summit to"urgently scale up" efforts of mitigating and adapting to climate change.

Developing nations came to Egypt with a key aim; to get an agreement on loss and damage funding - money that would be allocated to those countries already struggling with the impact of climate change.

A draft text on this crucial issue has been published - and various sources suggest there is an agreement but we have yet to get confirmation of this. However, it's already been met with some positive reaction:

Alpha Kaloga, lead negotiator for the Africa Group, tweeted: "30 years of patience. The day has arrived. It is done. YES a new Fund for responding Loss and Damage in developing countries….This is a unique moment a win for all citizens of the world."

Dr Siobhan McDonnell, a negotiator for the Pacific islands: "This is a major moment in getting technical assistance for loss and damage on the ground in developing countries. The overwhelming feeling amongst negotiators is relief."

And from Harjeet Singh, head of global political strategy of Climate Action Network International, which represents more than 1900 organisations: "The draft decision on l, externaloss and damage finance offers hope to the vulnerable people that they will get adequate help to recover from climate disasters and rebuild their lives.”

Georgina Rannard
Reporting from COP27

We're being treated to this gorgeous sunset here that's bathing everything in an orange glow. There are signs the sun may also be setting on the conference as a final deal inches closer into sight.

There's a lot more optimism now than this morning that there will be a deal here, with some potentially historic commitments on loss and damage funding. But it's not over until it's over.

Navin Singh Khadka
Environment Correspondent, BBC World Service

India is now faced with what it had demanded for at the very beginning of COP27: money for loss and damage.

Even before COP27, Indian officials had been arguing that the country was a victim of climate losses and damages and needed reparations.

They say severe impacts of climate change are seen everywhere – from the Himalayas to coastal areas to deserts.

And now they face the condition from developed countries for a loss and damage fund that new major economies like India and China should contribute too, although details are yet to be decided.

There has been no public comment from Indian officials but sources in the Indian delegation said this would change the fundamental of the UN climate convention that differentiates developing countries from developed countries and forms the basis of “common but differentiated responsibilities” principle while dealing with climate change.

Developed countries have argued the definition dates back to 1992 and some of the developing countries have now become major economies.

Image source, Reuters

Image source, Getty Images

Among the many areas being wrangled over in Sharm el-Sheikh, four topics have dominated this year's discussions:

• Loss and damage financing for vulnerable countries: Calls for a new fund to help countries deal with the immediate impacts of climate change. But who's going to pay for it?
• Phasing out the use of all fossil fuels, particularly coal: Last year's summit agreed to the "phase down" of the use of coal - now some countries want to extend the "phase down" to oil and gas too
• Keeping the target of only 1.5C of global warming alive: There are concerns that the commitment to this threshold might be watered down

• Relations over climate issues between the US and China: A lack of concrete areas of co-operation between the two countries is hampering the UN climate process

Need a bit more explanation? Here's a rundown of the four by the BBC's environment correspondent Matt McGrath.

Georgina Rannard
Reporting from COP27

To those of us outside the negotiating rooms, it’s a mysterious and confusing process. But it’s no mean feat getting almost 200 nations to agree on a single text - everyone has to agree or there’s no deal.

Negotiators and ministers are installed in small offices in tents in the conference centre, working late into the night to write deals, argue over language, and make overtures to other countries.

We see them in small groups talking, and rushing between delegations.

The UN is notorious too for its legalese - technical language that is almost incomprehensible to anyone who is not a lawyer. But the difference between words like “encourage” and “urge” can be make or break in getting a deal that everyone is happy with.

Once the action really heats up, we should see “huddles” of people talking in the plenary room - taking suggestions to nations that may be putting their feet down over a core issue.

It will be more complicated this year by the fact that US climate envoy John Kerry has Covid. He was instrumental at the Glasgow COP26 last year and has been at the heart of these talks. But today the US says he is working from his hotel room.

Patrick Hughes
Climate reporter

Image source, Raul de Lima

Nyombi Morris is a climate activist from Uganda. He began to learn about climate change after floods washed away his home in 2008. “Since that time, things have never been easy for my family. When I heard the floods that hit us were linked to climate change, I had to read more about it.”

He says he’s attending COP27 to share his story as a climate migrant and to demand compensation for communities that have lost their homes.

Nyombi came armed with a report from Fridays for Future Uganda, full of young Ugandan voices. But he says he hasn’t had the opportunity to present it at the summit and has found it hard to make his voice heard, although he has observer status which allows him to participate in side events.

He’s not hopeful that strong enough plans for finance for loss and damage - to help countries affected by the impacts of climate change - will be established at this year’s summit.

“This has been a polluter’s COP,” he adds - in reference to the number of fossil fuel lobbyists who have been present.

After a long night of negotiations, talks have run into an extra day between the nearly 200 countries at the UN's COP27 summit in Egypt. They're aiming to try to reach an agreement on the next steps for tackling climate change, but there are deep divisions, largely between rich and poor countries.

Here's a breakdown of what's gone on so far:

• We're hearing a deal may be on the cards on the issue of loss and damage - funds allocated for countries already struggling with the impact of climate change - although this is yet to be confirmed. A draft text has been released, but still needs to be passed at the final session of COP27.
• Canada, New Zealand and Norway have all weighed in to say they would not compromise on the target of limiting warming to the key threshold of 1.5C - the degree of warming that scientists agree is necessary to avoid the worst of climate change
• Earlier the EU said it would walk away from any deal if it was a bad one, with it's lead negotiator saying "we cannot accept that 1.5C dies here and today"

• The Egyptian host of COP27 has admitted member nations are dissatisfied in negotiations but is urging them to "to rise to the occasion" to strike a deal

Stay with us for live updates and analysis.

Patrick Hughes
Climate reporter

Image source, Pervez Ali

Pervez Ali, aged 19, was displaced as a child when flash floods wiped out his village in Ghizer, Pakistan in 2010.

Now he is a lead organiser with the campaign movement Fridays for Future. “It wasn’t a choice, it was do or die for me,” he says.

He is disappointed with the lack of progress on finance for loss and damage - to help countries deal with climate impacts - at COP27.

The support Pakistan currently receives is just a small fraction of the cost of the damage to Pakistan’s economy from this year’s record flooding, he says.

“You’re losing this from your economy, you’re hopeless… your people are dying, asking for a meal just once a day,” he says. “We aren’t even able to feed our people or provide a roof where they can sleep a peaceful night,” he adds..

The floods put a third of the country under water, leaving 1,700 people dead and millions homeless. Scientists says it’s likely they were made worse by climate change.

With negotiators working today to reach a deal on loss and damage, Pervez says that funding for it shouldn’t be voluntary, but compulsory..

“There ought to be a proper channel through which they allocate the fund so that it’s delivered to victims in the form of investments, raw cash and basic living facilities.”

He says he doesn’t feel voices like his are being listened to at the summit. “We just want the policies not to be made for us. We want to be at the table,” he says. "That’s what the youth of Pakistan want.”

“COP27 is nothing – just a lavish place for some privileged people to come and enjoy and go back to their homes,” he adds.

Read more: 'We'd never seen this much water' - Pakistan flood survivors

Justin Rowlatt
BBC Climate editor, reporting from COP27

Various sources are suggesting a deal on the issue of loss and damage could be imminent here in Egypt.

The AFP news agency is saying a European Union source says a deal has been done, though the BBC has not had confirmation.

That is echoed by a tweet form the Pakistan climate minister, Sherry Rehman, in the last few minutes.

She says “positive outcome is close” on the issue of the loss and damage climate change is already wreaking on vulnerable nations.

“Not perfect or optimal”, says Minister Rehman, “but one that addresses that basic demand of developing nations.”

“I believe if we stick to our positions, stay united, we will make landfall”, she says.

The issue of whether a dedicated fund for loss and damage should be established is one of the most disputed issues.

It doesn’t in itself take the talks over the line, but could break the logjam here in Sharm El Sheikh.

Matt McGrath
Reporting from COP27

This new draft cover text published a little while ago has got longer but not necessarily better, according to observers.

The key point that is upsetting the EU seems to be the lack of direction to countries to update their national carbon cutting plans.

At last year's COP26 summit in Glasgow, they promised they would do this every year, but the current text in Egypt doesn’t require them to do this.

There’s also no call for the phase down of all fossil fuels, something that will also upset Europe.

There are also complaints about what’s called the mitigation work programme - part of efforts to reduce emissions of the gases that cause global warming - much more needs to be done to strengthen this, campaigners say.

There’s still a very obvious gap in the latest draft decision for an agreed text on loss and damage - funding for countries affected by the impacts of climate change.

There is still lots of disagreement about the countries that might pay into any new fund.

Patrick Hughes
Climate reporter

Image source, Hendrik Voss

Valencia Gunder is an activist from Florida, where she helps get supplies and resources to people who have been hit by hurricanes and flooding.

She's been attending COP27 with the Black Hive, a climate and environmental justice group that is part of the Movement for Black Lives, to advocate for her community and communities like hers.

“Black and brown communities are usually left out of these conversations,” she says.

Gunder is pushing for climate resiliency - making money and information available to people around the world that need it most, so they can prepare for climate change.

The effects are “going to keep coming”, she says, “and it’s going to be black communities, brown communities, undocumented communities and our elders who will be impacted by this the most.”

Valencia would like to see policies to tackle what she calls “climate gentrification” - where lower-income people are pushed out of their neighbourhoods as properties and areas that can withstand the impacts of climate change increase in value.

After one hurricane hit the southwest of Florida, she says she met a mother who said she had lost her two sons to floodwaters because they couldn’t swim. “It’s so sad that our people even have to swim, and that nobody was there to share her story,” she says.

Image source, Meron Tebeje

Georgina Rannard
Reporting from COP27

Canada, New Zealand and Norway have just spoken to journalists outside their offices.

Echoing the European Union, the three nations say they are extremely worried about the state of negotiations and what is being proposed.

Speaking about a new fund for loss and damage that has been at the centre of discussions at COP27, New Zealand said: “We are tantalizingly close and the idea that it could fall over would be an absolute tragedy.”

Canada said: “It’s getting very late. We are worried we could run out of time here. We won’t compromise on 1.5C.”

And Norway said that while money for countries to adapt to climate change and pay for the disasters it causes is extremely important, it cannot compensate for a world that is too dangerous to live in.

This is a reference to the warming that could happen if countries give up on the ambition of keeping global temperature rise to 1.5C or less.

Asked how close talks are to collapse, Canada said ministers are starting to leave and will continue to do so.

Justin Rowlatt
Climate editor, reporting from COP27

The big debate here is over a fund for the “loss and damage” climate-related weather events are causing countries now.

Developing countries insist there should be a dedicated fund. Developed countries said no to that.

Then, late on Thursday night, the EU threw a hand grenade into the talks.

It said it could agree - but on certain conditions.

One of them - that all countries with the capacity to help should do so - has upended these discussions.

It challenges a fundamental principle of these UN summits, that developed countries should pay to help developing countries deal with climate change.

The EU is very clear on this, it has said “large emerging economies should be included”.

That means countries like China, Russia, Saudi Arabia and the other petro-states, as well as rich countries like South Korea and Singapore.

These countries are responsible for high levels of emissions, some are now amongst the biggest economies in the world.

The EU proposal would represent a very significant change of status for them and open them up to other demands for climate funds.

So, the question now is will they agree and, if not, how on earth will this deadlock be resolved.

Under the Paris Agreement in 2015, countries agreed to aim to keep temperature rise “well below” 2C and to aim for 1.5C. This is because scientists say rises above this level would expose millions more people to potentially devastating climate impacts.

To understand where we're at, it's worth spending a bit of time getting to grips with this graph.

Image source, .

If countries carry on with the policies in place at the moment, we are on track for 2.6-2.9C of warming, according to the website Climate Action Tracker.

Under the UN process, countries have to make pledges on the amount of greenhouse gas emissions they will cut. Current pledges take us to about 2.4C of warming, Climate Action Tracker says.

Some countries have set themselves, or are discussing, longer-term net zero targets. Even under the most optimistic scenario, where these are taken into account, Climate Action Tracker estimates we would still see 1.8C of warming by 2100.

If the outlook seems bleak, it’s worth remembering that when the Paris Agreement was signed in 2015, we were on track for 3.6C of warming, so progress has been made.

The UN climate agency has just published an updated draft text of COP27 host Egypt's proposed final agreement.

It welcomes the consideration "for the first time" of funding in response to loss and damage associated with climate change.

But it contains a "placeholder" - a blank space to be filled later - for a decision on these funding arrangements.

We'll bring you more details soon.

Georgina Rannard
Reporting from COP27

I'm sitting on the floor outside delegation offices, alongside other reporters - negotiators hurry out of rooms on their phones. Every now and then a minister walks past.

We're hearing that developed nations are deadly serious about their threat to leave Sharm el-Sheikh without a deal - they want to help at-risk nations with the huge costs of climate change, they say, but they will not compromise on historic climate deals.

The EU says no deal is better than a bad deal. Irish Minister Eamon Ryan, the EU negotiator on loss and damage - that issue of finance for vulnerable countries facing irreversible climate damage - tells me he and the EU will do everything they can to reach a fair and just agreement.

But at the moment, it is also chaotic and this could all be part of the negotiating process.