Events at the UN climate conference will continue over the weekend - but that's all for today's live coverage of COP28. It was brought to you by our reporters in Dubai - as well as our UK team, including the BBC's specialist climate journalists.

• Read our report of Friday's action here: UN climate talks take aim at planet-warming food
• For a recap of Thursday's surprise cash win for poorer nations - here's the story
• BBC News has also produced explainers on what COP28 is and why it's so important, as well as the meaning of net zero and a really simple guide to climate change more generally
• And finally... if you're curious about King Charles's choice of tie during today's speech, we've more here

Marita Moloney
Live reporter

It's still early days in this year's COP summit - which runs until 12 December - but there have already been some key announcements since the climate conference opened yesterday.

• Day two of the Dubai conference saw a major declaration on the future of food and farming. This was agreed by more than 130 countries, and recognises that what people grow and eat is a crucial factor in global warming
• We also saw the UAE president announce a $30bn fund for "global climate solutions" - with a pledge to help the global south - after which King Charles III took to the podium to warn that the dangers of climate change were "no longer distant risks"
• UK Prime Minister Rishi Sunak also addressed delegates - stressing that his country was a leader on cutting emissions, and announcing £1.6bn in funding for domestic renewable energy commitments
• Among the dozens of other world leaders who spoke today, UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres told world leaders they "cannot save a burning planet with a fire hose of fossil fuels"

On this week’s Newscast, Adam Fleming brings you all the information you need to make sense of COP28.

Who is attending? Are we on track to meet the Paris Climate Accords? And what is the Loss and Damage fund?

Adam's joined by Nigel Topping from the UK's Climate Change Committee, climate activist Vanessa Nakate, and Jordan Dunbar, host of the BBC’s Climate Question podcast.

Listen on BBC Sounds here.

India's targets overshadowed by growing coal usepublished at 18:03 Greenwich Mean Time 1 December 2023

18:03 GMT 1 December 2023

Image source, Reuters

India - which today said it wanted to host a future COP meeting - has pledged to become net zero by 2070.

And it says that by 2030 it aims to cut the emissions intensity of its economic activity (as measured by GDP) by half. In other words, cutting the amount of greenhouse gas emissions produced by each unit of economic activity.

It also aims to have half of its energy generated by non-fossil fuel sources by 2030.

But India’s reliance on coal has been growing, and it currently makes up nearly 50% of its energy mix. And the Indian government has said that coal will continue to be important for the country's growth.

What happens if we go past 1.5C?published at 17:49 Greenwich Mean Time 1 December 2023

17:49 GMT 1 December 2023

Matt McGrath
Environment correspondent

Subtly but significantly, the language on limiting the planet’s longer-term temperature rise to 1.5C is changing. (You can read more about 1.5C here.)

Many scientists now refer to keeping this critical threshold “within reach”. That’s an acknowledgement that the world is gradually drifting past this temperature guardrail.

In 2015, we were only above this level for a few days - but this year has saw the whole month of July over this threshold. It’s possible that 2024 could see the entire year breaking through this fragile limit.

Researchers privately point out that going to 1.6 or 1.7C or higher is now much more likely in the years ahead, and that doing so will bring greater destruction.

There’s also a growing acceptance that as well as massive carbon cuts, huge investments in technology to suck carbon out of the air will be needed to bring those temperatures back down.

So does that mean that at COP28 world leaders will forsake 1.5C and concentrate on trying to stay below 2C?

No chance. That’s because 1.5C is as much a political construct as it is hard science. The commitment to 1.5C is about solidarity; the idea that no nation sinks by itself.

It’s the very idea that makes collective action on climate change possible, so it won’t be given up lightly, even if the scientists say it’s almost impossible.

Malu Cursino
Live reporter, at COP28

I've just been hearing from Brazilian Finance Minister Fernando Haddad and Environment Minister Marina Silva at their pavilion here at Expo City.

"The effort humanity is making to be able to make this transition [to clean energy], is not easy but extremely important as we cannot go above 1.5C," Silva tells us.

She is quizzed about Brazil's expected signup to OPEC+, which is a group of oil-producing countries. Asked whether that would hamper a global push to limit temperature increases, Silva says Brazil's expected "observer" status at OPEC+ means it will still be able to lead to a true transition to renewable energy.

Referring to recent talks between China and the US last month, she says:

Haddad says the Brazilian government is pushing change at speed, with new funds and approved laws, because it knows it's "running against time".

Image source, .

Average temperatures are increasing around the world as a result of human activity.

But what changes can we make in our day-to-day lives to minimise our impact on the planet?

In a special edition of BBC World Service podcast The Climate Question, an expert panel answer questions from listeners looking for pointers on how to cut their carbon footprint. The questions include:

• Is it morally justifiable to fly?
• How can I use my business skills to fight climate change?
• Is it more sustainable to eat farmed or ocean-caught fish?

For more practical advice, listen to the episode of The Climate Question here.

Keir Starmer - the leader of the UK's opposition party Labour - was earlier asked why he was at the UN climate summit, given that he wasn't in government.

In his response, he said it was a matter of "national interest" and a "statement of intent", as he was hoping to win power in the next election.

Can the UK still meet its 2050 net zero goal?published at 17:08 Greenwich Mean Time 1 December 2023

17:08 GMT 1 December 2023

UK Prime Minister Rishi Sunak says he remains committed to his country reaching net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, in line with its international commitments.

However, in September, Sunak announced changes to some green policies, as part of a new “pragmatic approach”.

These included a delay on the ban of new petrol and diesel car sales from 2030 to 2035 - something Suank himself acknowledge today - and a promise that a fifth of households would “never” have to switch from a fossil fuel boiler to an electric heat pump.

The government’s independent advisers, the Climate Change Committee (CCC), said this “loosening” of key climate policies – in particular the changes to boiler rules - had made reaching net zero “considerably harder to achieve”.

In simple terms, extra greenhouse gas emissions from the continued use of fossil fuel boilers would need to be balanced by emissions savings in other areas, which won’t be easy.

Even before these recent changes, the CCC had warned that the UK’s “worryingly slow” recent progress put future carbon cutting targets at risk, and meant that the UK was “no longer a world leader” on climate action.

Here's a chance to revisit some of the UK PM's comments at COP28 earlier, as alluded to in our post below.

Rishi Sunak pledged another £1.6bn for renewable energy, green innovation and forests.

He said: "The UK is leading by example and we need others to step up."

Esme Stallard
Climate reporter

UK Prime Minister Rishi Sunak has been reiterating that the UK remains a “leader” on tackling climate change. But speaking to people on the ground, not everyone shares his view.

One delegate from a prominent climate research group told me anonymously: "The UK is perceived very differently this year. Its climate credibility has been really undermined in the climate community."

And Rachel Ojo, head of the UK Youth Delegation at COP28, told me she still thought the UK is a leader - but that was because of the strength of young people's interest and improvement in climate education.

As well as some of the other speakers mentioned below, we also heard an impassioned address today from Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, the president of Somalia. He called for more assistance from developed nations.

Mohamud said his country was facing a humanitarian crisis, with 2.4m people affected by flooding as a result of El Niño - a natural weather event.

Scientists warn that ongoing El Niño conditions - on top of climate change - makes it almost certain that a new global temperature record will be set in the next five years. You can read more on that here.

Image source, Reuters

We've been reporting on some world leaders' speeches at COP28 today, but there are still lines from several others for us to bring you. Here are some of their comments:

• French President Emmanuel Macron said investing in coal was "truly an absurdity", and urged G7 nations to "commit to putting an end" to the fuel by 2030
• UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres said local leaders - such as city mayors - can "lead the way" - including with investment in public transport, and prioritising clear air and jobs in the green economy
• South African President Cyril Ramaphosa praised the loss and damage fund which countries agreed yesterday to launch - but said it needed to be better financed if it was to "effectively support those countries most vulnerable and that are affected by climate change"
• Seychelles President Wavel Ramkalawan called for small-island nations on the front line of climate change - like his own - to be put in "a unique separate category" when it comes to assistance
• Slovenian President Natasa Pirc Musar spoke of disruptive climate protesters, asking "what else they can do [...] if COP after COP after COP, we, who are elected by the people to lead them into a better future, refuse to listen to their pleas?"

Matt McGrath
Environment correspondent, at COP28

Image source, Getty Images

The scale of the impacts of climate change on some small islands and developing states can be seen in new research, shared exclusively with the BBC live team.

A study from the ODI global affairs think tank links almost 4,000 lives lost in extreme weather events over the past two decades directly to climate change. It also found that around 39% of economic losses caused by these events are linked to rising temperatures, amounting to some $41bn.

These losses are very much at the forefront of discussions here at COP28, where countries on Thursday backed - and pledged money for - the launch of a "loss and damage" fund that was agreed at COP27 last year in Egypt.

But experts say the type of finance is just as important as the cash itself.

“These losses are nothing to do with poor governance or vulnerability to extreme weather events that were there anyway, these were directly as a result of climate change,” said ODI lead author Emily Wilkinson.

Georgina Rannard
Climate reporter at COP28

Food is very important at these meetings. We all know what it's like to work on an empty stomach.

We've been told today about a major new pledge on food.

But the UAE also said that all the food served here is "climate conscious" - or 1.5C aligned - meaning that the carbon footprint of the food would not contribute to pushing the world past that key goal of keeping average global temperature rise under 1.5C.

We're not sure how they have calculated that - we will find out.

COP28 private jet flights criticised onlinepublished at 16:06 Greenwich Mean Time 1 December 2023

16:06 GMT 1 December 2023

Politicians, business leaders, and activists may all be rubbing shoulders at COP28, but on social media many have been criticised for travelling to Dubai by private jet.

While private jets may only account for 4% of total fuel use in global aviation, external, their environmental impact is disproportionally high.

Not only can they be especially energy-intensive, they also emit more greenhouse gases per passenger than bigger planes.

University College London (UCL) researchers, external say that the environmental cost of a single person flying by private jet from London to COP28 is equivalent to that of 11 passengers on a direct commercial flight.

During COP27, which was held in Egypt last year, 315 private jet journeys were recorded, external - a number “way beyond the number of world leaders, who should travel in the most secure way possible”, says Mark Maslin, a climate change professor at UCL.

“It is essential that COP meetings are in person. But using private jets when you are not a world leader sends the wrong message to the world.”

Malu Cursino
Live reporter, at COP28

I am now in Brazil’s pavilion here at Expo City, where the country's Finance Minister Fernando Haddad has been updating delegates and members of the media on plans for increased investment - which he says may lead to more green deals.

The fund aims to be more sustainable, accounting for some volatility in the markets.

In a panel discussion, Haddad said the new fund aimed to empower the global south, which would in turn aid climate financing.

Although everyone in the room has been listening in attentively, the arrival of Environment Minister Marina Silva has many heads turning. We're hoping to hear from her soon.

Image source, EPA

As well as giving that press conference, Rishi Sunak has also addressed the COP28 summit itself.

He told other leaders that "the world is just not moving fast enough" in its efforts to halt climate change, citing a "gap between pledges and deliverability".

The UK PM also highlighted another "disconnect" - between what he called "lofty rhetoric on stages like this, and the reality of people's lives around the world.

Furthermore, he said, "the debate is too divided" - with schisms on climate policy apparent between developed and developing nations, for example. Instead, he said, "ambitious collective action" was needed.

He spoke of the importance of a "just transition" to renewable energy sources - something he said his government was committed to, both domestically and globally.

Justin Rowlatt
Climate editor, at COP28

Image source, AFP/Getty Images

An advisor to the main board of the COP28 climate summit has resigned over BBC reports that the UAE presidency planned to use COP meetings to pitch oil and gas deals.

Hilda Heine, ex-President of the Marshall Islands - a low-lying Pacific Ocean island group - said the reports were "deeply disappointing" and risked undoing the work of the negotiations.

"These actions undermine the integrity of the COP presidency and the process as a whole," Heine wrote in the letter to COP President Sultan al-Jaber.

The UAE's COP28 team said it was disappointed by Heine's resignation and that it had appreciated her advice.

A spokesperson said: "We have been completely clear, open and honest throughout this process and it is a shame to see unverified reporting affect our team and undermine the world's best chance to keep 1.5 within reach" - referring to a target to limit temperature increases to no more than 1.5C compared to pre-industrial levels.

• Read my original investigation into the talks here

Gem O'Reilly
Live reporter

Earlier today we heard that world leaders had agreed a major declaration on the future of food and farming.

So what do we know about this so far?

• It's the first time the annual UN gathering has recognised that what people grow and eat is a crucial factor in global warming
• The agreement involves 134 world leaders who have signed up to the COP28 agriculture, food and climate action declaration
• Those countries - who include the US, China and Brazil - together produce 70% of the world's food
• They each have promised to consider greenhouse gas emissions from food and agriculture in their national plans to combat climate change
• In 2015, food system emissions were calculated as being responsible for around a third of global warming, with 18bn tonnes of greenhouse gases emitted, external
• Farming groups have welcomed today's declaration but warned that countries must deliver on their promises
• But critics say the announcement is too vague and doesn't set out how world leaders will tackle emissions related to food production