How do the Post Office scandal compensation schemes work?

The Post Office is being removed from one of the schemes set up to compensate victims of the Horizon IT scandal.

The government will now take over responsibility for the Overturned Convictions Scheme, which provides redress for those who have had their convictions quashed

In January 2025, Business and Trade Committee had argued the Post Office should not decide on what was owed to victims of its own scandal.

However, the government stopped short of taking control of a separate scheme for people who believe they experienced financial shortfalls, despite it being a key recommendation of the Business and Trade Committee report.

The committee has asked ministers to revise their response.

It is yet another twist in the long-running Post Office scandal.

Under the previous Conservative government, a new law was passed to overturn the convictions of more than 900 people.

More than 4,000 people in total have been told they are eligible for compensation. But the schemes they need to access in order to receive remuneration for their suffering can be long-winded and complicated.

We've broken down how they work.

What are the main compensation schemes?

There isn't a single compensation scheme for sub-postmasters to apply to, and individual eligibility will depend on the particular circumstances of an individual's case.

The four main schemes are aimed at groups of victims who had different experiences of the scandal. They are explained in more detail in the following sections.

Which scheme is available to Alan Bates and others depicted in the ITV drama?

Alan Bates led a group of 555 sub-postmasters in a landmark court case against the Post Office, which came to wider public attention after it was depicted in an ITV drama.

While the cohort secured a £42.5m settlement in 2019, the huge costs of going to the High Court meant each claimant received a relatively low compensation pay-out at the end of it.

The Group Litigation Order (GLO) scheme was set up to ensure they received extra money to reflect the gravity of their situations. The scheme is funded and managed by the government.

As of January 2024, people eligible for this scheme "will receive at least £75,000 in compensation upfront".

The government estimates around two thirds will turn that offer down and push for more. In those cases, the government will award postmasters 80% of the initial offer made to them.

On 9 September, Labour said it will set a target of making an offer to 90% of sub-postmasters who have submitted a full claim within 40 days.

As of 31 January, £128m has been paid under the scheme, including interim payments.

Of the 555 members of the GLO group, 63 had criminal convictions and therefore are not eligible for this scheme but they are eligible for other compensation - depending on how their convictions are overturned.

If they are quashed by the court, they can apply to the Overturned Convictions Scheme. If they are overturned under legislation - the Post Office (Horizon System) Offences Act 2024 which became law in May - they can go to the newer Horizon Convictions Redress Scheme.

ITV's drama Alan Bates vs The Post Office has introduced millions to the long-running scandal

What compensation is there for people with overturned convictions?

There have been 983 convictions - 700 of which were privately initiated by the Post Office - linked to the faulty Horizon IT programme.

People whose convictions are quashed can apply to the Overturned Convictions Scheme, whether or not they are in the GLO group. It is this scheme that the government has taken over responsibility for from the Post Office.

A total of 111 people have had their convictions overturned as of 31 January.But when the government's promised law to overturn all convictions linked to the scandal becomes a reality, hundreds more people will be eligible.

Those whose convictions are overturned can choose to take a fast-tracked £600,000 settlement. Or they can enter into negotiations if they feel they are entitled to more.

All eligible people are entitled to an "interim" payment while their final settlements are processed. The government has provided funding to the Post Office for these payments.

For those people whose conviction is overturned through the new law, they can register for the Horizon Convictions Redress Scheme.

This will entitle them to an initial £200,000 interim payment. They can then decide to accept £600,000 or have their case fully reviewed.

As of 31 January, £65m has been paid out under this scheme including further interim payments.

The latest figures show that out of 111 eligible claimants in the OCS scheme, 82 claims for full and final settlements have been made with 66 paid out.

A further seven have received offers. The remaining nine are awaiting offers from Post Office Ltd.

More on the Post Office scandal

• Why were hundreds of Post Office workers prosecuted?

• PM backs calls to knight Post Office campaigner

• Post Office paid Fujitsu £95m to extend Horizon

• Can scheme to quash Post Office convictions work?

What about sub-postmasters who weren't convicted?

The Post Office scandal goes far beyond the original GLO court case and the people who wound up with criminal convictions.

Fearing prosecution, some sub-postmasters poured their own savings into their businesses to make up losses that were incorrectly calculated by the computer programme.

In September, the Labour government announced a new independent appeals process system called the Horizon Shortfall Scheme intended for those sub-postmasters who weren't convicted or part of the GLO court action.

It means they can appeal if they feel their financial settlement did not reflect the true extent of their losses and trauma.

It is administered by the Post Office but the independent appeals process will be overseen by the Department for Business. Post Office Minister Gareth Thomas said he was still considering whether to transfer this scheme to the government as well.

It has received more than 4,665 eligible claims so far, according to data from the Department for Business and Trade.

Around £315m has been paid to 2,090 of these claims as of the end of January 2025.

How many people are eligible for compensation overall?

The number of people eligible for one of the three main schemes stands at over 4,000 - and the government has said new potential victims are still coming forward.

It is unclear how many of them will end up receiving payments, and the processes - which have been criticised by campaigners for being too slow - can sometimes take several years.

What about people who died before receiving compensation?

On 10 January 2024, the then Post Office Minister Kevin Hollinrake told the Commons the families of the 60 people who died before receiving any compensation would be able to apply for it in their place.

How much compensation has been paid out so far?

As of 31 January 2025, approximately £663m has been paid to over 4,300 claimants across four schemes, according to government data - which includes interim payments for people whose full case has not been settled. That total breaks down as:

• Horizon Shortfall Scheme - £315m

• Group Litigation Order Scheme - £128m

• Overturned Convictions Scheme -£65m

• Horizon Convictions Redress Scheme - £156m

The amount an individual sub-postmaster receives can vary greatly depending on the circumstances of their case.

Prof Chris Hodges, chair of the the independent Horizon Compensation Advisory Board, told the BBC compensation payments that have been made so far range from £10,000 to "well over £1m".

The government has not provided an estimate for how much compensation will be paid out in total, but it will inevitably run into the hundreds of millions on top of what has already been paid.