Six charts on the immigrants who call the US home
- Published
Migrants travelling to the US sleep on a basketball court in Mexico
The US is a country shaped by immigration - but at many times in its history, there has been controversy over new arrivals.
A closer look at those who call the country home reveals the great changes that have taken place and the contribution immigrants make.
US residents born abroad
Today, nearly 14% of the population of the US was born overseas. This is a sharp rise from the historical low of just under 5% in 1970 but roughly the same as between 1870 and 1910.
After a wave of arrivals from Europe in the late 19th Century, immigration fell dramatically - from about one million a year in 1910 to only 165,000 by 1924. This was largely the result of limits on the number of immigrants from particular countries but the economic turmoil of the Great Depression and the two world wars also played a part.
The second half of the 20th Century saw quotas lifted and policies aimed at family reunification introduced. In 1986, an amnesty was granted to many people living in the US without documentation.
Today, the foreign-born population varies widely across the country, ranging from under 5% in parts of the South East and Midwest, to more than 20% in California, Florida, New Jersey, and New York.
The nation's children
Although the number of immigrants now arriving in the US is just half the level seen around 1900, the overall foreign-born share of the population is similar.
In the US, the rising immigrant share of the population is not simply due to more people arriving but is also due to the falling birth rate among the native population.
Since the 1960s, the average number of children had by women in the US has fallen from 3.7 to 1.8. This has led to a fall in the number of people described as prime working age (those who are 25 to 54) who are the children of native-born parents.
In contrast, the population of immigrants and their children has continued to grow.
The legal status of immigrants
Most immigrants to the US are in the country legally.
In 2014, 44% of the foreign-born population had been granted US citizenship. A further 27% are green card holders - making them legal permanent residents - and 4% are temporary residents with authorisation to live in the country.
Roughly one in four immigrants, or 11.1 million people, is living in the country without legal authorisation. This proportion has fallen, following a sharp drop in net unauthorised immigration from about 500,000 per year in the early 2000s to roughly zero since 2009.
About 75% of unauthorised immigrants are thought to have lived in the US for more than 10 years. Fewer than one in five are under the age of 24, with three out of four thought to be 25- to 54-year-olds.
Roughly 800,000 people who entered the US as children have claimed temporary partial legal status. These are the so-called Dreamers, whose legal status has been thrown into question by policy changes introduced by the Trump administration.
A girl waits on a bridge at the US-Mexico border
Where immigrants come from
Today, most immigrants to the US come from Latin America or Asia - a big change from a century ago, when most arrived from Europe.
In 2017, 27% of foreign-born US residents were from Mexico, compared with under 2% in 1910. A further 17% were from other Latin American countries, including El Salvador and Cuba.
Almost one in three immigrants to the US are now from Asian countries, with India and China accounting for the largest share - 6.5% and 4.7% of all immigrants respectively. In 2017, one in 10 immigrants was from Europe, compared with nine out of 10 in 1910.
While the locations have changed, immigrants have tended to come from places poorer than the US, as people seek better circumstances. Output per capita in 1910 in Italy was roughly a third of that in the US, as is the case in Mexico today.
Immigrants' education
One of the clearest ways in which the diversity of immigrants can be seen is in their widely varying educational attainment.
Immigrants are more likely to have a master's degree or doctorate than the children of parents born in the US. However, nearly one in four immigrants has not graduated from high school - compared with about one in 20 people born in the US.
Yet immigrants to the US tend to be more skilled than their peers who do not emigrate
This may be because of the limited social safety net available to those with poor prospects, better prospects for highly skilled immigrants and the relatively high cost of reaching the US for many.
Regardless of the characteristics of their parents, children of immigrants tend to attain educational outcomes that are similar to those of the children of native-born parents.
Immigrants in the economy
Immigrants contribute directly to economic growth - boosting the population and increasing demand for goods and services.
Giving many unauthorised immigrants citizenship and allowing more immigration would raise annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth - the total value of goods and services produced - by 0.33 percentage points over the next decade, the US Congressional Budget Office has suggested. In contrast, removing unauthorised immigrants would lower growth by 0.27 percentage points a year, external.
This is significant when it comes to national economic growth. A 10-year $1.5 trillion infrastructure investment might boost GDP by 0.1 to 0.2 percentage points, external per year.
Immigrants also contribute to economic growth in a less direct way.
Although they account for only 18% of workers over the age of 25, immigrants account for 28% of high quality patents - a sign of underlying technological progress, linked to productivity and economic growth.
Output in the economy is higher and grows faster with more immigrants, as they increase the number of workers and productivity.
Immigrant workers accounted for 39% of the increase in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics jobs - rising to 29% of all workers in this sector - in 2010.
Nevertheless, they are most likely to be employed in service occupations, such as chefs, housekeepers and nursing aides.
Immigrants also tend to have a positive impact on US finances, external - paying more in taxes than they receive in government services, when compared with native-born workers.
It is particularly striking that among low-skilled workers, immigrants are more likely to be employed and less likely to receive government benefits than those born in the US.
Since its founding, immigrants have been an integral part of the fabric weaving together the US economy and society writ large.
Understanding who they are and what role they have in the US can help shape the debate around those who make it their home in years to come.
About this piece
This analysis piece was commissioned by the BBC from experts working for an outside organisation.
Prof Jay Shambaugh is the director, external of The Hamilton Project, external and a senior fellow in economic studies at the Brookings Institution. Ryan Nunn is the policy director, external of The Hamilton Project and a fellow in economic studies at the Brookings Institution. Kriston McIntosh, external is The Hamilton Project's managing director.
This piece is based on their paper, A dozen facts about immigration, external.
The Brookings Institution, external is a not-for-profit public policy organisation, conducting research that leads to new ideas for solving problems facing society.
Edited by Duncan Walker