Dharmendra Chatur: Twitter executive resigns amid tussle with government
- Published
A senior executive at Twitter India has quit amid growing tensions between the social media firm and the government.
Dharmendra Chatur was only recently appointed as the company's interim resident grievance officer.
His was one of three positions that every large social media firm is expected to fill under controversial new digital media rules.
Twitter has not commented on the resignation but Mr Chatur's name is not displayed on its site as per the rules.
The new rules, officially called the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, were announced in February.
They require social media firms to appoint three full-time executives, all Indian residents - one for compliance, another for addressing user grievances, and a third for round-the-clock co-ordination with law enforcement bodies.
Firms must also remove content within 36 hours of a legal order, and use automated processes to take down objectionable material such as pornography.
The ministry of information technology had said that two of the new officials Twitter appointed were not employees, that its listed office address was that of a law firm, and that it hadn't given details about the third hire, the chief compliance officer, who is criminally liable for non-compliance.
Twitter has not responded to a query about the compliance issue, barring a terse statement that an interim chief compliance officer had been retained, and that "Twitter continues to make every effort to comply with the new guidelines".
But Mr Chatur's resignation complicated matters further, especially as it comes just days after the firm's managing director earned a temporary reprieve from court , external from a police summon. The order currently protects him from arrest, but the case is still open.
IT Minister Ravi Shankar Prasad said the rules are designed to prevent abuse of platforms
The trigger was a video - allegedly showing a hate crime - shared on the platform: a 72-year-old Muslim man was beaten up and his beard cut off. Many, including prominent journalists, shared the video.
Police in Ghaziabad city, near the national capital Delhi, said religion was not a motive and that the attackers were unhappy about an amulet the Muslim man had sold them. They arrested six people for the attack.
They also registered a complaint, under serious criminal charges, against Twitter India, news website The Wire, three journalists and three politicians of the opposition Congress party for sharing the video with "an intention to provoke communal unrest". All six are Muslim, although non-Muslims also shared the video.
On 21 June, Twitter restricted 50 tweets, most of them with the contentious video, in India. The company's India head offered to meet the police over a video chat. But they sent another notice asking him to appear in person.
It's rare for social media company executives to be summoned over posts on their platforms. Like phone companies, these firms are "intermediaries" whom Indian law does not hold responsible for posts on their sites - if they comply with the law and take down content when legally required to.
But India's federal government says Twitter could lose that intermediary protection for failing to comply with the new IT rules.
"The Indian government is making an example of Twitter, to send a strong message to all foreign companies," journalist and digital rights activist Nikhil Pahwa said. "It has China envy. It wants to exert more control over foreign players operating on the internet in India."
Losing "intermediary" status can make life very difficult for social media firms. Religious sentiment is easily hurt in India - for example by a cartoon about a cow, considered holy by Hindus - and could open the floodgates to thousands of complaints implicating the platform and its executives. The case against Twitter could be the first of many.
Whodunit? Tracing the sender
Twitter is not the only company at odds with the government. Last month WhatsApp sued the government over the rules, which it says force it to violate user privacy. With more than 400 million Indian users, a fifth of its global customers, the Facebook-owned app is India's largest messenger platform.
WhatsApp is objecting especially to a rule that demands that it trace the originator of a message, external, which the firm says will force it to break encryption and read and store every message. Not so, government officials say: WhatsApp must find a way to do this without breaking encryption. But even that would need WhatsApp "to keep a fingerprint of every single message sent" in a database, which would break encryption and undermine people's right to privacy, the company said in a statement.
This rule would affect other encrypted platforms, such Signal and Apple's iMessage. For now, though, the government's attention is fixed on WhatsApp.
WhatsApp has over 400 million users in India, a fifth of its global user base
This rule was first drafted in 2019 in the wake of dozens of rumours forwarded on WhatsApp: about child abduction, cow slaughter and other news that turned out fake but resulted in lynchings. The government wants WhatsApp to assist investigations into fake news and other crimes, including terrorism. But giving up encryption to help solve crime is a Faustian bargain, privacy activists say.
'Big Brother state'
The United Nations is worried too. The UN's special rapporteurs expressed serious concern, external that India's new IT rules could lead to human rights violations and suppress freedom of speech. "Intermediaries will over-comply with takedown requests to limit their liability," they said in a letter.
The letter also says that the new rules provide power to censor journalists. But even before these rules, journalists have faced censure and criminal charges.
As it happens, the rules do cover publishers of news in a separate, exhaustive section, administered by another ministry - information and broadcasting. The compliance burden is onerous, and includes grievance redressal and content takedown processes. The National Broadcasters Association has urged the government to exclude digital news from mainstream media houses from the ambit of the rules. The government has refused.
The intermediary rules have resulted in other lawsuits. Thirteen media outlets have challenged them, saying they sought to "usher in an era of surveillance and fear". A lawyer in Delhi sued Twitter for non-compliance with the rules and in Chennai, singer and artist TM Krishna petitioned the court, saying the rules affect his rights as an artist by imposing a chilling effect on free speech and his right to privacy.
One of the first petitions against the rules was filed by lawyer Sanjay K Singh in March. Mr Singh told the BBC that the rules go against his constitutionally protected right to free speech. He points to a landmark ruling against a draconian IT rule, 66A, that made posting "offensive" comments online a crime.
The Supreme Court struck down 66A, and said that intermediaries should not be forced to evaluate thousands of demands to pull down content, but must act on lawful requests to remove specific content.
"These new rules go against the letter and spirit of that ruling," Mr Singh says. "It appears that what they really want to do is take down content critical of the government." His case is still ongoing.
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