Air India flight 182: 1985 bombing back in news after Canada row
- Published
Mourners at the Nathan Phillips Square in Toronto a day after the bombing in 1985
The deadly bombing of an Air India flight in 1985 is back in the news after relations between India and Canada hit a new low.
Last week, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau said his country was investigating "credible allegations" that could link the Indian government to the murder of a Sikh separatist leader in British Columbia. India has denied the allegations, calling them "absurd".
Since then, several commentators in India have brought up the 1985 attack - also known as the "Kanishka bombing" because the Boeing 747 was named after the Emperor Kanishka - which also strained Delhi-Ottawa ties.
What happened in 1985?
On 23 June 1985, an Air India flight travelling from Canada to India via London, exploded off the Irish coast, killing all 329 people on board. The cause was a bomb in a suitcase that was transferred to the flight even though the ticket holder had not boarded. The victims included 268 Canadian citizens, mostly of Indian origin, and 24 Indians. Only 131 bodies were retrieved from the sea.
Irish naval authorities in Cork bring debris ashore on 28 June 1985
While the flight was still in the air, another explosion at Tokyo's Narita airport killed two Japanese baggage handlers. Investigators later said that this bomb was linked to the attack on Flight 182 and intended for another Air India flight to Bangkok but it exploded prematurely.
Who was behind the attack?
Canadian investigators have alleged that the bombings were planned by Sikh separatists who wanted to take revenge for the Indian army's deadly 1984 storming of the Golden Temple in Punjab state.
A few months after the attack, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) arrested Talwinder Singh Parmar - the leader of an extremist group called Babbar Khalsa that is now banned in Canada and India - and Inderjit Singh Reyat, an electrician, on various weapons, explosives and conspiracy charges.
But the case against Parmar - whom India had unsuccessfully tried to get extradited from Canada in the early 1980s - was flimsy and he was released. Investigators now believe that Parmar - who was killed by police in India in 1992 - was the mastermind behind the attack.
In 2000, police arrested Ripudaman Singh Malik, a wealthy Vancouver businessman, and Ajaib Singh Bagri, a mill worker from British Columbia, on a number of charges including mass murder and conspiracy.
(From left) Ripudaman Singh Malik and Ajaib Singh Bagri at a jail in Vancouver in 2004.
But in 2005, after an expensive trial that lasted almost two years, both men were acquitted of all charges, external - the judge said there were factual errors and credibility issues with key witnesses who testified against the men. The BBC reported at the time that the verdict was greeted with shock, external, with victims' relatives sobbing in the courtroom.
Reyat was the only person to be convicted in connection with one of the world's worst aviation terror attacks. He was jailed in the UK for 10 years in 1991 for his involvement in the Japan bombing. In 2003, he pleaded guilty in a Canadian court to manslaughter in connection with the bombing of Flight 182, and was sentenced to another five years in prison. He was also later convicted of perjury at the trial of Malik and Bagri, and given an additional jail sentence.
Why was the investigation criticised?
Canadian authorities have been accused of not doing enough to prevent the attack and of bungling the investigation. After outrage from victims' families over the acquittal of Malik and Bagri, the Canadian government set up a public inquiry in 2006, headed by a former Supreme Court judge, to look into the bombing. It concluded in 2010 that a "cascading series of errors" had led to the "largest mass murder in Canadian history".
The inquiry heard that an unidentified witness had warned Canadian police of a plot to blow up a plane months before the attack.
Relatives of the victims at a memorial in Toronto in 2005.
It also emerged that in the weeks before the attack, members of the Canadian secret services had followed Parmar and Reyat to some woods on Vancouver Island where they heard "a loud explosive sound", but did not regard this as important.
In the 1990s, two Sikh journalists who may have been key prosecution witnesses, were murdered in separate incidents, external in London and Canada - one of them was already in a wheelchair after an earlier shooting.
In 2000, a former Canadian secret services officer told a newspaper that he destroyed tapes with 150 hours of telephone calls made by Sikh suspects instead of handing them over to the RCMP as he feared it could reveal the identity of the informants.
What happened after that?
In 2010, after the inquiry report was released, then Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper offered a public apology to the families of the victims - he said their "legitimate need for answers and indeed, for empathy, were treated with administrative disdain" for years.
In 2016, Reyat was released from a Canadian prison after serving two-thirds of a nine-year sentence - the next year, he was also allowed to leave a halfway house, external and live where he wanted to, a decision some experts criticised, external.
Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi (left) and his then Canadian counterpart Stephen Harper leaving wreaths at a memorial in Toronto in 2015
Last year, Ripudaman Singh Malik was shot dead in his car in Surrey, British Columbia in what police described as a targeted killing - they arrested two men on charges of first-degree murder. Their motive isn't clear.
A study released by the Angus Reid Institute earlier this year around the 38th anniversary of the Air India bombing found that the tragedy is still "a relatively unknown piece of Canadian history" - they found that, external nine in 10 Canadians have little or no knowledge of the attack.
What about the reaction in India?
The Air India bombings have long evoked painful memories in India - while the majority of the victims were Canadian citizens, most of them were of Indian origin and had relatives in the country. The overwhelming sentiment in India is that justice has not been delivered to the victims.
In 2006, Canadian lawyer Richard Quance travelled to India to meet some of the relatives of the victims - he told the BBC, external that the families in India felt "excluded from the judicial process" and had questions about the process that led to the acquittals of Malik and Bagri.
Indian families left bereft by the bombing felt "neglected and left out", Amarjit Bhinder, whose husband was the co-pilot on the Air India flight, told the BBC at the time.
The recent row between the countries has also brought the tragedy back into discussion in India - a federal minister recently tweeted about it, external, calling the bombing "one of the most reprehensible acts of aviation terror against India" and criticising the "mindsets that tolerated & even condoned" the act. Several news stories and opinion pieces have also remarked on the missteps by Canadian authorities in the run-up to and after the bombings.
Over the years, families of those who died have spoken of their anguish.
"I still meet people today who were somehow connected with the Air India bombing - my kindergarten daughter's teacher was a schoolmate of a victim. It is surprising how widely the bombing affected Canadians," says, external Susheel Gupta, who was 12 when his mother died.
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