Japanese Grand Prix: Max Verstappen seals second world title amid confusion after Suzuka win
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Verstappen is the 17th man to become a multiple F1 world champion
Max Verstappen clinched a second title in extraordinary circumstances after dominating a Japanese Grand Prix truncated by heavy rain.
Verstappen headed Sergio Perez in a Red Bull one-two after Ferrari's Charles Leclerc, who crossed the line second, was penalised for cutting the track and gaining an advantage on the last lap.
There was confusion after the race as to whether Verstappen had done enough to tie up the championship, because it was not immediately clear whether full points would be awarded for a race that ran just over half distance.
But governing body the FIA said that reduced points only applied if a suspended race could not be resumed.
Awarding full points or three-quarter points - as all the teams expected would be the case - was the difference between Verstappen leaving Japan as a double world champion, or having to go to the next race in the USA needing to gain one point on Leclerc and Perez to seal it.
Even Verstappen asked: "Are you sure?" when he was told he was champion, reflecting the historical precedent that reduced points are awarded in such circumstances.
But it seems that this protocol was inadvertently left out of the rules when they were rewritten over last winter following the controversial Belgian Grand Prix, when a result was declared despite no racing taking place.
Red Bull team principal Christian Horner said this was "a mistake" and he was "certain" the rules would be revised over the winter.
There can, however, be no question marks about the validity of Verstappen's championship, after he secured his 12th victory of the season in the same manner as he has taken control of the championship, by being a class apart from everyone else in his Red Bull car.
"It's crazy, very mixed emotions," said Verstappen, who was told of Leclerc's penalty and his title victory during a post-race interview conducted by former F1 driver Johnny Herbert.
"Winning the championship, what a year we've had. It's incredible!
"I'm so thankful to everyone who's been contributing to the success, the whole team has been working flat out. Beside that, the work we did with Honda every year, constantly improving, gets very emotional especially here. I'm very proud we could do it here.
"The first is more emotional but the second is more beautiful. We're leading the constructors so we want to focus on that, to secure that."
The race was marred by a controversy over officials deploying a recovery vehicle on to the track while cars were still running after a crash on the first lap.
Drivers and team bosses united to call the decision from race control "unacceptable", eight years after Jules Bianchi lost his life after crashing into a tractor on the track.
The race was stopped shortly afterwards, leading to a two-hour delay while officials waited for the persistent rain to ease sufficiently for racing to resume.
When it finally did, Verstappen and Leclerc initially pulled away from the rest of the pack, but as the laps ticked by Ferrari's tyre problems reared their head.
Leclerc dropped back from Verstappen and Perez began to reel in the Ferrari. Leclerc held him off for several laps and looked to have done enough, only to lock up at the final chicane on the last lap and cut the corner.
Leclerc held Perez off to the line, but was deemed to have gained an advantage by going off track and was demoted back behind.
The three points that lost Leclerc was enough to secure the title for Verstappen once the points situation had been clarified.
"From lap five, it was all downhill," said Leclerc. "I really struggled with the tyres but after three four laps we just destroyed them.
"Huge congrats to Max on his second championship. Max's title this year was just a matter of time. We expected him to win the title. Now we just use the last few races to become a better team."
Behind the top three, Alpine's Esteban Ocon held off Lewis Hamilton's Mercedes for the entire race, with Aston Martin's Sebastian Vettel doing the same to Fernando Alonso's Alpine.
Alonso made a stop for fresh tyres with just 15 minutes of race time remaining and dropped to ninth, reclaiming sufficient ground to finish the race right on Vettel's tail, but unable to pass.
Mercedes' George Russell climbed up to eighth from 13th, after being delayed by being stacked behind Hamilton in the pits when the field changed from wet to intermediate tyres, and the final points when to Williams' Nicholas Latifi and McLaren's Lando Norris.
The cars left a cloud of spray in their wake at the start of the race
Marshalls attempt to clear puddles on the track after the race is halted at the end of the first lap
After a lengthy delay, Verstappen's Red Bull leads away at the restart
Verstappen takes the chequered flag to claim back-to-back world titles
After initial confusion, Verstappen and his Red Bull team celebrate a second successive drivers' title
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