Why are these by-elections happening?published at 21:36 British Summer Time 19 October 2023
In Tamworth, Staffordshire
The former Conservative deputy whip Chris Pincher triggered the by-election when he resigned after losing an appeal against a proposed Commons suspension for drunkenly groping two men.
He was elected to the seat with a majority of more than 19,000 in 2019.
In Mid Bedfordshire
Conservative former cabinet minister Nadine Dorries quit after failing to be granted a peerage in Boris Johnson's resignation honours.
She said she would quit “with immediate effect” on 9 June but didn’t actually resign until the end of August.