Esme Stallard
Climate reporter, at COP28

Country negotiating teams are starting to come into the Expo Centre here in Dubai ready for the final meeting - which we're told is in about 90 minutes (take that with a big handful of salt).

They've only had an hour with the new text so far, so some are telling us they need more time.

Norway's climate minister, Espen Barth Eide, is one of the first out the blocks with reaction:

Norway, which has large fossil fuel reserves, has previously been accused of hypocrisy by environmental groups for their stance on fossil fuels.

Although their production is predicted to decline, its government gave approval for 19 new oil and gas fields earlier this year.

Image source, Carina Johansen/Bloomberg via Getty Images

Georgina Rannard
Climate reporter, at COP28

Policy experts and activists are huddled around, looking at this latest draft climate deal. Outside the media centre, some are briefing journalists.

Opinions are split on how ambitious this really is - sometimes a clear consensus emerges, but not today.

Some people are saying the text is a step forwards in tackling the role of fossil fuels in climate change - but others worry about the inclusion of vague phrases.

There's a lot more people here than 90 minutes ago when we arrived - we're bringing you reaction as it comes.

Esme Stallard
Climate reporter, at COP28

We're still poring over this document here in the COP28 conference centre. There are a number of changes worth pointing out in the language on fossil fuels:

Could vs contribute

The old text said that countries "could" undertake a list of actions. Now the text is "calling on countries to contribute".

Reducing or transitioning

The previous draft said countries "could ... reduce both consumption and production of fossil fuels". Now it "calls on" countries to "contribute to ... transitioning away from fossil fuels in energy systems".

Peaking emissions

The last draft said that in order to limit global warming to 1.5C, greenhouse gas emissions must peak by 2025. Whereas, the new draft just says that it recognises in scientific modelling that emissions are projected to peak by 2025.

Different timings

There is new text recognising that not all countries should be expected to peak their emissions at the same time - and instead it depends on their development. This is the recognition that developing countries wanted for their different economic circumstances.

Draft deal keeps reference to all fossil fuelspublished at 03:45 Greenwich Mean Time 13 December 2023

03:45 GMT 13 December 2023

Justin Rowlatt
Climate editor, at COP28

This document includes a clear reference to the future of all fossil fuels, and that is a first.

Bizarre as it may sound, fossil fuels have been an effective f-word at these conferences - rarely ever uttered.

The first time there was an open debate about their future was at COP26 in Glasgow in 2021.

And all that was finally agreed there was a commitment to “phase down” the use of coal - the dirtiest fossil fuel of them all.

In this text we have a reference to all fossil fuels - so coal, oil and gas - a big step forward.

Georgina Rannard
Climate reporter, at COP28

We're looking at the draft agreement now.

It doesn't include any wording on the "phase out of fossil fuels" - something that many governments wanted and was dangled as an option earlier in the talks.

But it does call for "transitioning away" from fossil fuels.

The exact text says: "Transitioning away from fossil fuels in energy systems, in a just, orderly and equitable manner, accelerating action in this critical decade, so as to achieve net zero by 2050 in keeping with the science."

Georgina Rannard
Climate reporter, at COP28

Any climate deal struck here must have the consent of all 198 countries – so their reaction to the latest text is vital.

We've been chasing them ahead of time - here's who we've asked so far.

First up - Alliance of Small Island States. They represent some of nations most vulnerable to climate change - where sea level rise is destroying homes and stronger storms are killing people. They're usually the soul of the COP - and have strong red lines on keeping average global temperature rise to 1.5 above pre-industrial levels.

Then the US - a powerful player that said it wanted stronger language on "phasing out fossil fuels" - but is also a major oil and gas exporter.

Germany's climate minister Jennifer Morgan has already told us that they're focussd on negotiations and won't be commenting.

We've also asked the UK for its views - yesterday climate minister Graham Stuart said he would not accept a deal that did not phase out fossil fuels.

We'll be asking plenty others.

Esme Stallard
Climate reporter, at COP28

This new proposed climate deal covers what countries are going to do – or not – on greenhouse gas emissions and fossil fuels.

Remember the previous version, from Monday evening, caused a backlash from island states, the EU and the UK after the language on "phasing out fossil fuels" was dropped.

But some developing countries were also disappointed there wasn't more financial support from rich nations to help them develop without coal, oil and gas.

We're still looking over the detail – it's a chunky document that runs to many pages and is full of eye-wateringly technical language.

It's just gone 07:00 here at COP28 in Dubai and a new draft climate deal has just been published.

The COP presidency will be hoping it ends the deadlock over the future of fossil fuels – and that they can get all 198 countries on board with the latest wording.

Our team here are sifting through the details – we'll bring you more when we get it.

Georgina Rannard
Climate reporter, at COP28

Joining us on the first metro into the Dubai Expo 2020 centre this morning were staff working at these talks, a few journalists and negotiators.

Nearly 200 countries are here to make progress on tackling climate change.

Hosted by oil-rich United Arab Emirates, the key issue dominating talks is whether countries can finally agree to cut our reliance on planet-warming coal, oil and gas.

If so, when, and what might that look like?

All nations must agree or there is no deal.

A draft agreement published on Monday pushed the talks close to collapse.

It was met with fury from some nations that said it was not strong enough on slashing use of fossil fuels.

But other countries who rely on making money from oil and gas, or countries that want financial help moving to a greener economy, were pleased.

Cue furious negotiations and late-night talks.

More than 36 hours later, we are still waiting for the new text that could save these talks - or signal their failure.

With COP conferences, there is a precedent for negotiations to stretch well into the night, and often the next day - with uncertainty about whether a deal will be struck.

Last year in Egypt, negotiators stayed in place beyond the Friday deadline - continuing to hold talks as the venue at the Red Sea resort of Sharm el-Sheikh was dismantled.

An agreement was eventually reached on a “loss and damage” fund to assist vulnerable countries hit by climate disasters.

The year before in Glasgow, it was another all-nighter, as delegates saw the Friday deadline come and go. An agreement was eventually reached the following day on reducing coal use, with a consensus that the target of limiting global temperature rises to 1.5C of pre-industrial temperature should stay in place.

And at the conference where that landmark temperature goal was set, the 2015 COP21 conference in Paris, delegates worked beyond the end of the two-week conference to reach the historic agreement, external.

While different factors can cause a delay, often the issue of who should pay to combat climate change globally plays a role.

Malu Cursino
Live reporter

With the COP28 climate talks drawing to a close, three mothers from different continents tell the BBC how their love for their children has motivated them to take their arguments to the people in power.

For the past week, in the sweltering heat of Dubai, Aydah Akao has been on a singular mission.

For her personally, there are five reasons the world needs to act far more urgently on climate change: her children. Four are at home in the Solomon Islands, and she is pregnant with the fifth.

"My children are so afraid," Akao tells the BBC. Rising sea levels are more than just lines on a chart for her family. It means their home, and heritage, are at risk of disappearing beneath the waves.

COP28 is her first UN climate summit, but as she marches around the vast Expo 2020 venue, she's not alone.

Mothers from across the world have joined forces at the summit in Dubai to ensure their voices are heard by the heads of state and policy-makers making the key decisions at this conference.

Akao said her community in the Temotu province of the Pacific country is bearing the brunt of natural disasters worsened by climate change - from cyclones to droughts.

It was a long journey to get here, but for her, the sense of urgency and the need to get that across to everyone she meets is palpable.

• Miriam Wanjiku and Bhavreen Kandhari also shared their plight with the BBC, which you can read in full here.

Esme Stallard
Climate reporter, at COP28

Image source, Thomas Trutschel/Getty Images

Between now and 06:00 (02:00 GMT), not a lot will be happening for the countries and their delegations - they will be back at their hotels trying to get some sleep.

But the COP28 presidency and UN team will be frantically working to draft the new text based on the feedback they have received from countries in the consultations, which ended only about an hour ago.

When that text drops, make no mistake that this now empty site - bar me, security and the cleaning staff - will become electric.

Countries will be holding rapidly organised press conferences, journalists will be pouring over the text and the eyes of the world will once again be back on Dubai.

There is nothing like the end of a COP.

Navin Singh Khadka
Environment correspondent, BBC World Service

Image source, Reuters

The world’s third largest emitter of greenhouse gases, India is relatively quiet on the contentious issue of phasing out fossil fuels at COP28.

But it did hint at its position by not signing up to a pledge to triple global renewable energy capacity by 2030 that more than 120 countries made on 9 December at the UN climate meet. Reason: the pledge said renewables deployment must be accompanied by a phase-down of unabated coal power.

Barely a week before COP28 began, India’s power ministry had announced that it was adding 80 GW thermal power, coal-based, by 2031-32 because power demand in the country had increased at an "unprecedented rate”.

COP26 in Glasgow in 2021 had “phase down coal” in its declaration, after China and India led the fight against Western countries’ push for “phase out coal”.

Ever since, India has seen the West and several other rapidly developing countries carry on with oil and gas, some even expanding their production.

It now argues that coal must not be singled out.

As per phasing out or phasing down of all fossil fuels, it has chosen to keep its cards close to its chest so far while stressing “equity and climate justice as the basis of climate action".

Esme Stallard
Climate reporter, at COP28

The latest meetings are normally displayed on TV screens across the site. They have been blank for the last few hours, but a new message has just popped up on screen.

"All texts are intended to be published at 06:00am... following which the President will convene plenary at 09:30am."

The Indonesian delegation have just walked past me and confirmed that the Plenary - the meeting when all the countries will get back together to decide on the text - will start then.

That means we will see a new text nearly four hours from now - as the sun comes up here in Dubai.

Esme Stallard
Climate reporter, at COP28

Bloomberg reporters are saying that they have seen a copy of the updated draft text. This is still under review, they have said, meaning what they have seen isn't necessarily final.

Instead of a list of options that countries "could" take to reduce their emissions, they are saying it now reads that countries "should". That includes:

• Rapidly phasing down unabated coal
• Accelerating emissions reductions from road transport
• Transitioning away from fossil fuels

In this version, there is no commitment to "phase out fossil fuels", but this would strengthen the language from what was in the previous draft.

In exchange for a stronger position on this issue, I would expect for nations like the EU to have provided reassurances to developing countries that they will provide more financial support to move away from fossil fuels.

But I have just seen the Fiji, Saudi and Indonesian delegations leave and they don't yet have a final draft text. So I would view this as one option of potentially a few that are still on the table.

Delegates from across the world have been at COP28 in Dubai since 30 November hashing out what the 2023 climate summit deal will amount to.

Although it's not unexpected for COPs to overrun, delegates - much like you and me - are only human and need sleep.

But the fear of missing out on the twists and turns of overnight talks has led to some people camping out at Expo City tonight.

Esme Stallard
Climate reporter, at COP28

It's past midnight here in Dubai and everyone is starting to feel very weary.

I had to check with colleagues that I wasn't hearing things when "I'll be home for Christmas" started blaring from the central courtyard.

Feels like a nudge from the COP gods that the deal needs to be wrapped and we should all leave.

Turns out they're just practising for the opening of a winter wonderland festival at the site on Friday - so if we don't get a deal before then, we might be kicked out anyway, to make way for Santa.

Dulcie Lee
Live reporter, at COP28

Don’t worry, we won’t grill you on the niche acronyms flung around in the corridors at COP28 - but, while we wait for the new draft text, here are six quick questions worth knowing the answer to:

1. What does COP stand for?
2. Where is COP28 being held?
3. What’s net zero?
4. What does 1.5C refer to - and why’s it important?
5. Who channeled Yoda from Star Wars this year?
6. What are “unabated” fossil fuels? (Okay, we’re being mean now...)

Answers below the photo…

Image source, Getty Images

Answer 1: Conference of the Parties - "parties" are the countries that signed the original UN climate agreement in 1992. (This is the 28th COP - hence COP28.)

Answer 2: Dubai, in the United Arab Emirates.

Answer 3: Net-zero is the point at which a country - or business etc - is no longer adding to the total amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. It’s worth nothing not all emissions can be reduced to zero, so the rest need to be actively removed.

Answer 4: 1.5C is a key threshold - it means that by the year 2100, the world's average surface temperature will have risen to no more than 1.5C (2.7F) warmer than pre-industrial times. Scientists predict that, at 1.5C of warming, many of the deadliest effects of climate change are reduced.

Answer 5: The UN’s climate chief Simon Stiell, rather surprisingly, evoked Yoda from Star Wars in his speech at the conference: "Do or not do. There is no try," he said.

Answer 6: Unabated fossil fuels - like coal, oil and gas - are fuels whose emissions are released directly into the atmosphere, without using tech to capture their planet-warming gases. However, finding consensus over a legally watertight meaning of “unabated” is a key issue at COP28.

Malu Cursino
Live reporter

As my colleague Dulcie Lee has just said, it's past 23:00 in Dubai and our team at COP28 will have an early start with closed-door negotiations going on throughout the night.

Until we know more about this much-awaited reiteration of the draft deal, our team here in London will be bringing you the latest. So, what's been happening today?

• A new version of the deal was made necessary after a promise to "phase out" fossil fuels was removed from Monday's draft - many nations were outraged
• Continuing negotiations need to take into consideration the interests of 198 countries, who all have to agree on the text for it to become a pact between nations

• It all follows COP28 President Sultan al-Jaber's pledge on Monday that a deal would be finalised by Tuesday at 11:00 local time - which did not happen

• It is all in the semantics of the text, but many small island nations see the refusal to agree to an end to fossil fuel use as a threat to their existence
• Meanwhile, oil-rich nations represented by Opec were warned to oppose "phase out" language
• Throughout the day, climate activists have rallied at Expo City in Dubai with banners and placards to voice their disdain over the lack of fossil fuel "phase out" language in the earlier draft deal

• But the BBC is hearing that the new text, which is likely to be published in the early hours of Wednesday, will be "more ambitious" than the current version of text being scrutinised by activists and analysts
• This sentiment is echoed by remarks from US climate envoy John Kerry, who says the new draft text will contain stronger language

Dulcie Lee
Live reporter, at COP28

All eyes are on one key room here at COP28, where the ministers of various countries are thrashing out what they can and can't agree to in this global deal to tackle climate change.

Sadly for us, the door is closed, with only occasional glimpses inside.

Outside? A bunch of tired-looking security guards, and a few stray journalists pacing up and down.

As the clock ticks past 23:00 here in Dubai, some of our team are hedging our bets and heading for a quick rest.

The next key moment will be when a draft deal drops - with many nations hoping it'll contain stronger wording than the current one, which has ditched a promise of phasing out fossil fuels.

We're handing over to colleagues in our London newsroom, who will continue to break all the key lines for the next few hours.