Summary

  • A two-week UN summit in Paris has agreed the first climate deal to commit all countries to cut emissions

  • The international agreement was gavelled through by French Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius to claps and cheers

  • More than 190 countries had been working on the pact for four years after earlier attempts to reach such a deal failed

  • Negotiations ran into the small hours for three consecutive nights in order to hammer out the final draft

  1. Forward momentum but the deal is not yet donepublished at 13:12

    Jonathan Webb
    Science reporter, BBC News

    There was celebration and grand rhetoric in the speeches that preceded this text. And today does promise to be historic, as the leaders declared.

    A document that is expected to become the first truly global climate deal has just been released.

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    The French secretariat hopes it will be the final version - but they cannot guarantee it.

    Their management of this meeting so far has been very astute, however. Most observers think Laurent Fabius and his team would not be calling this draft "final" if it faced any real risk of failure.

    Nonetheless, we cannot be certain that the meeting now timetabled for 15:45 in Paris (14:45 GMT) will simply wave the deal through.

    Many countries may want their point of view to be aired, even if they do not call for alterations to the document.

    And it is worth remembering that this agreement simply enshrines a large and varied collection of individual national pledges. The UN's own assessment of those pledges was that they would not keep global warming below 2C.

    So the future oversight of this deal, and the will to step up those pledges, are crucial.

  2. In pictures: 'Red lines' take to Paris streetspublished at 13:00 Greenwich Mean Time 12 December 2015

    As delegations here in Le Bourget pore over the fresh document just released, protesters in central Paris have been urging them not to draw "red lines" across negotiations and to find a vital compromise.

    Protesters dancing in redImage source, AP
    Hundreds of protesters with red umbrellasImage source, AP
    Protester leaps in the air with a guitar, dressed as Santa ClausImage source, AP
  3. Text of climate deal published onlinepublished at 12:36
    Breaking

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  4. Mentions of Copenhagen give sense of difficult progresspublished at 12:34

    David Shukman
    Science editor, BBC News

    What lies behind the passionate and much-applauded speeches by Laurent Fabius, the president of the conference, and Francois Hollande, the president of France?

    Do they know something that we do not – that there is the real risk of failure? Is it possible that the behind-the-scenes bargaining has bumped into obstacles that are not merely national ‘red lines’ but are immovable concrete barriers?

    It was revealing that both men mentioned a word that many at these talks have been trying to avoid: Copenhagen. That was the last big gathering on climate change, back in 2009, and its failure hovers like some bad spirit over this whole process.

    The fact that Fabius and Hollande even brought it up is a sign of the challenges involved in getting this far.

    So what’s next? The new French text is due at 13.30 local time (12:30 GMT) and then we see which countries are happy and which are not - and who is prepared to dig and keep talking in the hope of getting a better deal.

  5. Cheers greet goal of 2C temperature rise - with mention of 1.5Cpublished at 12:25

    There were cheers earlier as French Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius announced that the overall goal written in the deal would be "continuing to have a mean temperature [increase] well below 2 degrees - and to endeavour to limit that increase to 1.5 degrees".

    And the media centre is a hive of activity as journalists - just like the 196 national delegations - wait for the deal text to be released.

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  6. What to look out for in the language of the dealpublished at 12:15

    Matt McGrath
    Environment correspondent, BBC News, Paris

    According to Laurent Fabius, the draft agreement will call for a target warming limit of “well below” 2C. This will please small island nations.

    But crucially, we don’t yet know if the language has been strengthened on how the world is to keep that temperature rise down. Many Gulf states were keen to see only woolly references to a fossil free future.

    The issue of transparency became a major sticking point between the US and China. We will have to see the wording in the document, but sources say a compromise has been reached along the lines that a new system will apply to all countries - but the system itself will remain “unspecified” for now.

    Laurent Fabius told the meeting that that the rich would provide finance worth $100bn a year from 2020, and that this figure would be a “floor”. It’s rumoured that the number itself has been moved out of the main agreement text and into the underlying decision text.

    We are told this is because of legal niceties affecting the US but the moral commitment to maintain and increase this funding certainly remains. 

    Also of particular interest is the review mechanism – the method by which the commitments of countries will be assessed against the temperature targets in the future.

    “Crucially, countries will review their existing commitments before they come into force in 2020,” said David Nussbaum from WWF.

    Thereafter there will be a review in 2023 and new commitments in 2025, and every five years from there on.

  7. India: Nice speeches, let's see the textpublished at 12:02

    Indian minister Prakash Javadekar said the speeches were good but the delegations needed their chance to study the text.

    When asked whether India was happy when French president said that it was a differentiated text, he said that many good things were said.

    He did not comment further.

  8. Clever diplomacy from the man in the hot seatpublished at 11:41

    Roger Harrabin
    BBC environment analyst

    Brilliant speech by Laurent Fabius, the French foreign minister and chair of this summit.

    He will go down in history of one of the great diplomats if he pulls off this extraordinary deal, affecting the politics and economics of every nation in the world.

    Mr Fabius has used first-name terms with delegates throughout, to create the atmosphere of a family trying to solve a common problem.

    His “Indaba” sessions, based on a Zulu meeting of chiefs, were a procedural masterstroke – and nodded to South Africa, which leads the often argumentative "G77" bloc of developing countries.

    Now this inspiring finale, again referencing Africa with a quote from Mandela, and specifically tickling small island states, South America and fossil fuel dependent states – all likely fonts of objection.

    Clever, clever stuff.

  9. Draft text lands in an hour - but first, lunchpublished at 11:33

    Laurent Fabius, COP21 president, told the delegates that the final agreement wouldn't be ready for another hour or so.

    We can expect long, tense queues at the document desks - and a rush on the UNFCCC website, external - when it lands.

    Mr Fabius will reconvene the conference at 15:45 Paris time (14:45 GMT) to take the necessary legal steps to adopt the deal.

    In the meantime, in the honourable French tradition, he suggested everyone should have lunch!

    Speakers shaking handsImage source, BBC/UNFCCC
  10. Hollande: 'We will not be judged on a word, but an act'published at 11:27

    Quote Message

    The agreement will not be perfect for everyone, if everyone reads it with only their own interests in mind. We will not be judged on a clause in a sentence, but on the text as a whole. We will not be judged on a word, but on an act.

    Francois Hollande, President of France

  11. When the speeches finish, ministers have a job to dopublished at 11:26

    As a reminder: the 'final draft' text was written last night after three consecutive nights of negotiations.

    It was then translated into the UN's six official languages in the small hours of Saturday.

    It will be distributed when these speeches conclude.

    It will then be the job of the 196 assembled delegations to decide whether or not they accept it.

  12. Francois Hollande speaks of 'beautiful idea' of multinational cooperationpublished at 11:21

    President of France Francois Hollande thanks the delegates for putting life back into the idea of global co-operation. There's only one question he said: "Do we want an agreement?"

    The conference has to take the last step he said praising the text as ambitious but realistic.

    Francois HollandeImage source, BBC/UNFCCC
  13. Ban Ki-moon: 'Let us finish the job; the whole world is watching'published at 11:19

    Quote Message

    We must not let the quest for perfection, be the enemy of the common good.

    Ban Ki-moon, UN Secretary-General

  14. A 40,000-strong conference hanging on every wordpublished at 11:17

    All the journalists present here at the conference are crowded around every available screen to watch and take notes on these speeches.

    journalists watching smartphones and laptops
  15. Tough act to followpublished at 11:15 Greenwich Mean Time 12 December 2015

    UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon is now addressing the meeting, after a stirring speech by Laurent Fabius. 

    This is a defining moment, Mr Ban said. 

    The document is historic. 

  16. Conference president says delegates have a 'historic' responsibilitypublished at 11:11

    The president of COP21 is still addressing ministers and negotiators - and all those watching around the world.

    Mr Fabius has called on the country representatives to "bear in mind what our heads of state and goverment have said loud and clear during the start of the conference".

    Quote Message

    Our responsibility to history is immense.

    Laurent Fabius, French Foreign Minister and COP21 President

    There was a loud standing ovation as he handed the floor to UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon.

    Laurent FabiusImage source, BBC/UNFCCC
  17. Ghosts of the pastpublished at 11:10 Greenwich Mean Time 12 December 2015

    Laurent Fabius told the meeting that "nobody wants a repeat of Copenhagen  - Copenhagen with more police".

    As he urged the delegates to accept the draft, he said this was a last chance. 

    "Today if we fail, how could we rebuild this hope."

  18. More from Fabius: 'Historic turning point'published at 11:05

    Laurent FabiusImage source, BBC/UNFCCC
    Quote Message

    It provides that every five years there will be a collective stocktaking. If adopted, this text will mark a historic turning point.

  19. Draft agreement is legally binding, says conference presidentpublished at 11:00

    Quote Message

    This text contains the principal elements that we did feel before would be impossible to achieve. It is differentiated, fair, durable, dynamic, balanced and legally binding. It is faithful to the Durban mandate.

    Laurent Fabius, French Foreign Minister and President of COP21

  20. Sustained applause for previous hostspublished at 10:59 Greenwich Mean Time 12 December 2015

    Laurent Fabius says the draft text will be released at the end of this meeting.

    There is sustained applause as he recognises the chair of the previous Conference of the Parties (COP) in Lima, 2014 - Peru's Manuel Pulgar Vidal.

    Manuel Pulgar VidalImage source, BBC/UNFCCC